References:

Ang, S. and Chen, T.Y. (2019). Going online to stay connected: online social participation buffers the relationship between pain and depression. The Journals of Gerentology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74(6):1020-1031.

Acemoglu, D., Chernozhukov, V., Werning, I., Whinston, M.D. (2020). A Multi-Risk SIR model with optimally targeted lockdown. Working paper 27102, National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, US.

Adams-Prassl, A, T Boneva, M Golin and C Rauh (2021). The impact of the Coronavirus lockdown on mental health: Evidence from the US. Paper presented at 73rd Economic Policy panel, 15-16 April. https://voxeu.org/article/lockdowns-widen-gender-gap- mental-health

Altindag, O., Erten, B., and Keskin, P. (2021). Mental Health Cost of Lockdowns: Evidence from Age-Specific Curfews in Turkey. Forthcoming at American Economic Journal: Applied Economics.

Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C.A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., et al (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Sleep Research. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13052

Atzendorf, J. and Gruber, S. (2021). The mental well-being of older adults after the first wave of COVID-19. SHARE Working Paper Series 63-2021. DOI: 10.17617/2.3292887.

Banks, J. and Xu, X. (2020). The mental health effects of the first two months of lockdown and social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. Fiscal Studies 41(3), 685-708.

Bertrand, M., Duflo, E. and Mullainathan, S. (2004). How Much Should We Trust Differences-In-Differences Estimates? The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 (1): 249–275.

Bleakley, H. (2010). “Malaria Eradication in the Americas: A Retrospective Analysis of Childhood Exposure”. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(2):1-45.

Brodeur, A., Clark, A.E., Fleche, S., and Powdthavee, N. (2021). COVID-19, Lockdowns and Well-being: Evidence from Google Trends. Journal of Public Economics 193:104346.

Bu, F., Steptoe, A., and Fancourt, D. (2020). Loneliness during strict lockdown: Trajectories and predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic in 38,217 United Kingdom adults. Social Science and Medicine 265: 113521.

Carrasco, J.A., Miller, E.J., Wellman, B. (2008). How far and with whom do people socialize? Empirical evidence about distance between social network members. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2076: 114–122.

Cheng, Z., Mendolia, S., Paloyo, A.R., Savage, D.A. and Tani, M. (2021). Review Economic Household 19:123–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09538-3

Davillas, A. and Jones, A.M. (2021). The Covid-19 pandemic and its impact on inequality of opportunity in psychological distress in the UK. IZA Discussion Paper No. 14057.

Devaraj, S., and Patel, P. C. (2020). Change in psychological distress in response to changes in reduced mobility during the early 2020 COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence of modest effects from the US. Social Science & Medicine, 113615.

Diniz, T.A., Christofaro, D., Tebar, W.R., Cucato, G.G., Botero, J.P, and others, 2020. Reduction of Physical Activity Levels during the Covid-19 pandemic might negatively disturb sleep pattern. Front. Psychol. 10. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586157

Duflo, E. (2001). Schooling and Labor market consequences of School construction in Indonesia: evidence from an unusual policy experiment. American Economic Review 91(4): 795-813.

Etheridge, B., and Spantig, L. (2020). The Gender Gap in Mental Well-Being During the Covid-19. Covid Economics 33: 46-72.

Eurofound (2020), Living, working and COVID-19, COVID-19 series, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

European Commission (2019). Ageing Europe: Looking at the lives of older people in the EU. Eurostat. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2785/811048.

Fancourt, D., Bu, F., Mak, HW., Steptoe, A. (2020). “Covid-19 Social Study”. UCL, Department of Behavioural Science and Health. London. https://746a1e8d-7231-4b96-9bc2- 88b2eb5c4964.filesusr.com/ugd/3d9db5_9dec89d6b9c24e45819db478998dc3af.pdf

Fang, H., Wang, L. and Yang, Y. (2020). Human mobility restrictions and the spread of novel coronavirus in China. NBER Working Paper 26906.

Folk, D., Okabe-Miyamoto, K., Dunn, E., and Lyubomirsky, S. (2020). Did Social connection decline during the first wave of COVID-19? The role of extraversion. Collabra: Psychology 6(1): 37.

Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., and Vlahov, V. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine 346 (13): 982-987.

Getler, P. and Molyneaux, J.W. (1994). How economic development and family planning programs combined to reduce Indonesian fertility? Demography 31: 33–63.

Gijzen, M., Shields-Zeeman, L., Kleinjan, M., Kroon, H., van der Roest, H., Bolier, L., Smit, F., de Beurs, D. (2020). The bittersweet effects of Covid-19 on Mental Health: Results of an online survey among a sample of the Dutch population Five weeks after relaxation of Lockdown restrictions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 9073.

Giuntela, O., Hyde, K., Saccardo, S., and Sadoff, S. (2020). Lifestyle and mental health disruptions during COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academic of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 118 (9): 1-9.

Gruber, J., Madrian, B.C. Health Insurance and Job Mobility: The Effects of Public Policy on Job-Lock. ILR Review. 1994;48(1):86-102. doi:10.1177/001979399404800107

Hale, T., Boby, T., Angrist, N., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L., Kira, B., Majumdar, S., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., Hatlow, H. and Webster, S. (2020) “Variation in Government Responses to COVID-19”. Version 9.0. Blavatnik School of Government Working Paper. 10 December 2020. Available: www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/covidtracker

Hendriksen, PA., Kiani, P., Garssen, J., Bruce, G., Verster, JC. (2021). “Living alone or together during lockdown: association with mood, immune fitness and experiencing COVID-19 symptoms”. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 14: 1947-1957.

Henssler, J., Stock F., van Bohemen, J., Walter H., Heinz, A. and Brandt, L. (2021). Mental health effects of infection containment strategies: quarantine and isolation, a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 271: 223-224.

Holmes, E. A., O’ Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., et al. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry 7, 547–560.

Hwang, T.J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., and Ikeda, M. (2020). Loneliness and Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Psychogeriatrics, Commentary: 1-4.

Joffe, A.R. (2021). COVID-19: Rethinking the Lockdown Groupthink. Frontiers in Public Health 9:625778.

Katic, B., Heywood, J., Turek, F., Chiazzu, E., Vaughan, T., Simacek, K., Wicks, P., Jain, S., Winrow, C., Renger, J. (2015). New approach for analyzing self-reporting of insomnia symptoms reveals a high rate of comorbid insomnia across a wide spectrum of chronic diseases. Sleep Med. 16, 1332–1341.

Le, K., and Nguyen, M. (2021). The psychological burden of the COVID-19 pandemic severity. Economics & Human Biology, 41, 100979.

Litwin, H. and Levinsky, M. (2021). Social networks and mental health change in older adults after the Covid-19 outbreak. Aging & Mental Health DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1902468

McArdle, M. (2020). Here is why it will not work to just isolate the elderly and the vulnerable. The Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/03/heres-why-it-wont-work- just-isolate-elderly-vulnerable/

Mendiola, S., Stavrunova, O., Yerokhin, O. 2021. Determinants of the community mobility during the COVID-19 epidemic: the role of government regulations and information. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 184:199-231.

Mok, D., Wellman, B., Carrasco, J., (2010). Does distance matter in the age of the Internet? Urban Studies 47: 2747–2783.

Pantell, M. , Rehkopf, D., Jutte, D., Syme, S.L., Balmes, J., Adler N. 2013. Social isolation: a predictor of mortality comparable to traditional clinical risk factors. Am J Public Health, 103(11):2056–2062.

Pedrosa, A., Bitencourt, L., Fontoura, A.., Barreto, M.L. and others. (2020). Emotional, Behavioral, and Psychological Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 2020 Oct 2;11: 566212.

Pierce, M., Hope, T., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., Kontopantelis, E., Webb, R., Wessely S., MacManus, S., and Abel K. (2020). Mental Health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2020; 7: 883–92. DOI: 10.1016/s2215- 0366(20)30308-4.

Prem, K., Liu, Y. Russell, T., Kucharski, A., Eggo, R., Davies, R., Jit, M., Klepac, P. (2020). The effect of control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China: a modeling study. The Lancet Public Health.

Proto E., Quintana-Domeque, C. (2021). COVID-19 and mental health deterioration by ethnicity and gender in the UK. PLoS ONE 16(1): e0244419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244419

Santamaria, C., et al 2020. Measuring the impact of COVID-19 confinement measures on human mobility using mobile positioning data. A European regional analysis. Safety Science 132, 104925.

Savulescu, J., and Cameron, J. (2020). Why lockdown of the elderly is not ageist and why leveling down equality is wrong. Journal of Medical Ethics 46: 717-721.

Shah A. 2007.The relationship between suicide rates and age: An analysis of multinational data from the World Health Organization. Int Psychogeriatr. 19:1141– 52.

Shokrkon, A. and Nicoladis, E. (2021). How personality traits of neuroticism and extroversion predict the effects of the COVID-19 on the mental health of Canadians. PLOS One May 19.

Sleap, B. 2020. Aged-based measures coming out of lockdown. HelpAge International.

Soucy, J.P., Sturrock, S.L., Berry, I., Daneman, N., et al 2020. Estimating the effect of physical distancing on the Covid-19 pandemic using an urban mobility index. medRxiv. https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr141108.

Scherpenzeel, A., Axt, K., Bergmann, M., Douhou, S., Oepen, A., Sand, G., Schuller, K., Stuck, S., Wagner, M. and Börsch-Supan, A. (2020). Collecting survey data among the 50+ population during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Survey Research Methods 14 (2): 217-221.

Serrano-Alarcon, M., Kentikelenis, A.,Mckee, M. and Stuckler, D. (2021). Impact of Covid-19 lockdowns on mental health: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in England and Scotland. No rjvc2, SocArXiv, Center for Open Science. DOI: 10.31235/osf.io/rjvc2

Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P. and Wardle, J (2013). Social isolation, loneliness and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proceedings of the National Academic of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 110: 5797-5801.

Teo, A.R., Choi, H., Andrea, S.B., Valenstein, M., Newsom, J.T., Dobscha, S.K., and Zivin, K. (2015). Does mode of contact with different types of social relationships predict depression in older adults? Evidence from a national representative survey. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(10), 2014-2022.

US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Severe outcomes among patients with Coronavirus disease 2019-United States, February 12–March 16, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 69: 343-346. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6912e2

Valiente, C., Contreras, A., Peinado, V., Trucharte, A., Martínez, A, Vazquez, C. (2021). Psychological adjustments in Spain during the Covid-19 pandemic: positive and negative mental health outcomes in the general population. The Spanish Journal of Psychology 24 (e8):1-13.

Wainberg, M., Jones, S.E. et al. (2021). Association of accelerometer-derived sleep measures with lifetime psychiatric diagnoses: A cross-sectional study of 89,205 participants from the UK Biobank. PloS Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003782

WHO (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during COVID-19 outbreak. DOI: WHO/2019-nCoV/MentalHealth/2020.1

Wijngaards I., de Zilwa S.C., Burger M.J. 2020. Extroversion moderates the relationship between the stringency of COVID-19 protective measures and depressive symptoms. Frontiers in Psychology. 61. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331490. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO

World Health Organization. (2021). COVID-19 disrupting mental health services in most countries, WHO survey. https://www.who.int/news/item/05-10-2020-covid-19- disrupting-mental-health-services-in-most-countries-who-survey