References: Albarrán, P., Hidalgo-Hidalgo, M., and Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I. (2020). Education and adult health: Is there a causal effect? Social Science & Medicine, 249:112830. Alesina, A. and Giuliano, P. (2011). Family ties and political participation. Journal of the European Economic Association, 9(5):817–839. Andina-Díaz, A., Penalva-Planelles, P., and Puy, S. (2020). Women’s preferences for social spending: Theory and evidence from spanish political representatives. Hacienda Pu´blica Espan˜ola / Review of Public Economics, 235(5):119–151. Bagues, M. and Campa, P. (2021). Can gender quotas in candidate lists empower women? evidence from a regression discontinuity design. Journal of Public Economics, 194(104315). Baskaran, T., Bhalotra, S., Min, B., and Uppal, Y. (2018). Women legislators and economic performance. IZA Discussion Paper 11596. Baskaran, T. and Hessami, Z. (2019). Competitively elected women as policy makers. CESifo Working Paper 8005. Beaman, L., Duflo, E., Pande, R., and Topalova, P. (2007). Women politicians, gender bias, and policy-making in rural india. Discussion paper, UNICEF. Bhalotra, S. and Clots-Figueras, I. (2014). Health and the political agency of women. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 6(2):164–97. Borgonovi, F., d’Hombres, B., and Hoskins, B. (2010). Voter turnout, information ac- quisition and education: Evidence from 15 european countries. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis Policy, 10(1):Contributions, Article 90. Braga, M. and Scervini, F. (2017). The performance of politicians: The effect of gender quotas. European Journal of Political Economy, 46:1–14. Bratton, K. A. and Ray, L. P. (2002). Descriptive representation, policy outcomes, and municipal day-care coverage in norway. American Journal of Political Science, 46(2):428–437. Brewster, K. L. and Padavic, I. (2000). Change in gender-ideology, 1977–1996:the con- tributions of intracohort change and population turnover. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(2):477–487. Brollo, F. and Troiano, U. (2016). What happens when a woman wins an election? evidence from close races in brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 122:28 – 45. Brunello, G., Weber, G., and Weiss, C. T. (2016). Books are Forever: Early Life Conditions, Education and Lifetime Earnings in Europe. The Economic Journal, 127(600):271–296. Campante, F. R. and Chor, D. (2012). Schooling, Political Participation, and the Econ- omy. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(4):841–859. Chen, X. and Ge, S. (2018). Social norms and female labor force participation in urban china. Journal of Comparative Economics, 46(4):966 – 987. Dahlerup, D., Lenita, F., and Johansson, E. (2013). Electoral gender quotas and their implementation in europe. Discussion paper, European Parliament. Dee, T. S. (2004). Are there civic returns to education? Journal of Public Economics, 88(9):1697–1720. Din¸cer, M. A., Kaushal, N., and Grossman, M. (2014). Women’s education: Harbinger of another spring? evidence from a natural experiment in turkey. World Development, 64:243 – 258. Du, H., Xiao, Y., and Zhao, L. (2020). Education and gender role attitudes. Journal of Population Economics. Erten, B. and Keskin, P. (2018). For better or for worse?: Education and the preva- lence of domestic violence in turkey. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 10(1):64–105. Esteve-Volart, B. and Bagues, M. (2012). Are women pawns in the political game? evidence from elections to the spanish senate. Journal of Public Economics, 96(3):387– 399. Fernández, R. (2007). Women, Work, and Culture. Journal of the European Economic Association, 5(2-3):305–332. Ferreira, F. and Gyourko, J. (2014). Does gender matter for political leadership? the case of u.s. mayors. Journal of Public Economics, 112(C):24–39. Fort, M. (2006). Educational reforms across europe: A toolbox for empirical research. University of padova working paper. Fort, M., Schneeweis, N., and Winter-Ebmer, R. (2016). Is education always reduc- ing fertility? evidence from compulsory schooling reforms. The Economic Journal, 126(595):1823–1855. Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour-market Outcomes of Women across OECD Countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(3):416–438. Fortin, N. M. (2015). Gender role attitudes and women’s labor market participation: Opting-out, aids, and the persistent appeal of housewifery. Annals of Economics and Statistics, (117/118):379–401. Fréchette, G. R., Maniquet, F., and Morelli, M. (2008). Incumbents’ interests and gender quotas. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4):891–909. Garikipati, S. and Kambhampati, U. (2021). Leading the fight against the pandemic: Does gender really matter? Feminist Economics, 27(1-2):401–418. Geys, B. and Sørensen, R. J. (2019). The impact of women above the political glass ceiling: Evidence from a norwegian executive gender quota reform. Electoral Studies, 60:102050. Glaeser, E. L., La Porta, R., Lopez-de Silanes, F., and Shleifer, A. (2004). Do institutions cause growth? Journal of Economic Growth, 9(3):271–303. Glaeser, E. L., Ponzetto, G. A., and Shleifer, A. (2007). Why does democracy need education? Journal of Economic Growth, 12(2):77–99. Gonzalez-Eiras, M. and Sanz, C. (2021). Women’s representation in politics: The effect of electoral systems. Journal of Public Economics, 198(C). Grenet, J. (2013). Is extending compulsory schooling alone enough to raise earnings? ev- idence from french and british compulsory schooling laws*. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 115(1):176–210. Hanushek, E. A. (2002). Publicly provided education. Working Paper 8799, National Bureau of Economic Research. Harka, E. and Rocco, L. (2021). Studying more to vote less: Education and voter turnout in italy. European Journal of Political Economy, forthcoming. Hessami, Z. and da Fonseca, M. L. (2020). Female political representation and substan- tive effects on policies: A literature review. European Journal of Political Economy, 63(C):101896. Hyman, H. and Wright, C. (1979). Education’s Lasting Influence on Values. University of Chicago Press. Kane, E. W. (1995). Education and Beliefs About Gender Inequality. Social Problems, 42(1):74–90. Lippmann, Q. (2020). Gender and lawmaking in times of quotas. Discussion paper, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.co. Lochner, L. (2011). Non-production benefits of education: Crime, health, and good citizenship. In Hanushek, E. A., Machin, S., and Woessmann, L., editors, Handbook of The Economics of Education, volume 4 of Handbook of the Economics of Education, pages 183–282. Elsevier. Milligan, K., Moretti, E., and Oreopoulos, P. (2004). Does education improve citizenship? evidence from the united states and the united kingdom. Journal of Public Economics, 88(9):1667–1695. Montiel Olea, J. L. and Pflueger, C. (2013). A robust test for weak instruments. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 31(3):358–369. Murtin, F. and Viarengo, M. (2011). The expansion and convergence of compulsory schooling in western europe, 1950–2000. Economica, 78(311):501–522. Niederle, M. and Vesterlund, L. (2007). Do Women Shy Away From Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3):1067–1101. Pelkonen, P. (2012). Length of compulsory education and voter turnout evidence from a staged reform. Public Choice, 150(1):51–75. PoliEngine (2019). How many politicians are there in the USA? https:// poliengine.com/blog/how-many-politicians-are-there-in-the-us. Online; ac- cessed 12 September 2023. Priyanka, S. (2020). Do female politicians matter for female labor market outcomes? Evidence from state legislative elections in India. Labour Economics, 64(C). Profeta, P. and Woodhouse, E. (2019). Electoral rules, women’s representation and the quality of politicians. Dondena Working Paper Series No. 121. Rivera-Garrido, N. (2022). Can education reduce traditional gender role attitudes? Eco- nomics of Education Review, 89:102261. Siedler, T. (2010). Schooling and citizenship in a young democracy: Evidence from postwar germany. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 112(2):315–338. Staiger, D. and Stock, J. (1997). Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments. Econometrica, 65(3):557–586. Stephens, Melvin, J. and Yang, D.-Y. (2014). Compulsory education and the benefits of schooling. American Economic Review, 104(6):1777–92. Thornton, A., Alwin, D. F., and Camburn, D. (1983). Causes and consequences of sex-role attitudes and attitude change. American sociological review, 48(2):211–227. Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., and Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and Equality: Civic Volun- tarism in American Democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. WEF (2021). The global gender gap report 2021. Discussion paper, World Economic Forum. WIP (2019). Women in politics 2019. https://www.unwomen.org/en/ digital-library/publications/2019/03/women-in-politics-2019-map. Ye, B. and Zhao, Y. (2018). Women hold up half the sky? gender identity and the wife’s labor market performance in china. China Economic Review, 47(C):116–141.