| TITLE Antiochus III the Great |
| DATE 197 BCE (previous proposal: 278 BCE). |
| TEXT Piejko 1991, 9-10 (SEG 4, 661; CIG 3595; OGIS 219; I.Ilion 32. See also: SEG 27, 1257; SEG 33, 1047). [1] ἐπιμηνιεύοντος Νυμφίου τοῦ Διοτρέφους, ἐπιστατοῦντος δὲ Διονυσίου τοῦ [2] Ἱππομέδοντος, Δημήτριος Διοῦς εἶπεν· ἐπειδὴ βασιλεὺς Ἀντίοχος βασιλέως [3] Σελεύκου ἐν ἀρχῆι τε παραλαβὼν τὴμ βασιλείαν καὶ προστὰς ἐν- [4] δόξου καὶ καλῆς αἱρέσεως, ἐζήτησε τὰς μὲν πόλεις τὰς κατὴν Σε- [5] λευκίδα, περιεχομένας ὑπὸ καιρῶν δυσχερῶν διὰ τοὺς ἀποστάντας [6] τῶμ πραγμάτων, εἰς εἰρήνην καὶ τὴν ἀρχαίαν εὐδαιμονίαν καταστῆσαι, [7] τοὺς δ’ ἐπιθεμένους τοῖς πρά<γ>μασιν ἐπεξελθὼν, καθάπερ ἦν δίκαιον, ἀνα- [8] κτήσασθαι τὴμ πατρώιαν ἀρχήν· διὸ καὶ χρησάμενος ἐπιβολῆι καλῆι καὶ δικαία[ι] [9] καὶ <λ>αβὼν οὐ μόνον τοὺς φίλους καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις εἰς τὸ διαγωνίσασθαι περὶ [10] τῶμ πραγμάτων αὐτῶι προθύμ<ου>ς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ δαιμόνιον εὔνουν καὶ συν- [11] εργόν, τάς τε πόλεις εἰς εἰρήνην καὶ τὴμ βασιλείαν εἰς τὴν ἀρχαίαν διάθεσιν [12] κατέστησεν· νῦν τε παραγενόμενος ἐπὶ τοὺς τόπους τοὺς ἐπὶ τάδε τοῦ Ταύρου [13] μετὰ πάσης σπουδῆς καὶ φιλοτιμίας ἅμα καὶ ταῖς πόλεσιν τὴν εἰρήνην κατεσκεύ- [14] ασεν καὶ τὰ πράγματα καὶ τὴμ βασιλείαν εἰς μείζω καὶ λαμπροτέραν διάθεσιν [15] ἀγήγοχε, μάλιστα μὲν διὰ τὴν ἰδίαν ἀρετήν, εἶτα καὶ διὰ τὴν τῶμ φίλων καὶ τῶν [16] δυνάμεων εὔνοιαν· ὅπως οὖν ὁ δῆμος, ἐπειδὴ καὶ πρότερόν τε, καθ’ ὃν καιρὸν [17] παρέλαβεν τὴμ βασιλείαν, εὐχὰς καὶ θυσίας ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ πᾶσι τοῖς θεοῖς [18] διετέλει ποιούμενος, καὶ νῦν εὔνους ὢν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν αἵρεσιν ἔχων, [19] φανερὸς ἦι τῶι βασιλεῖ, τύχηι τῆι ἀγαθῆι· δεδόχθαι τῆι βουλῆι καὶ τῶι [20] δήμωι· τὴμ μὲν ἱέρειαν καὶ τοὺς ἱερονόμους καὶ τοὺς πρυτάνεις εὔξασ- [21] θαι τῆι Ἀθηναῖ τῆι Ἰλιάδι μετὰ τῶμ πρεσβευτῶν τήν τε παρουσίαν γεγο- [22] νέναι <ἐπ’ ἀγαθῶι> τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ τῆς ἀδελφῆς αὐτοῦ βασιλίσσης καὶ τῶμ φίλων [23] καὶ τῶν δυνάμεων, καὶ γίνεσθαι τά τε ἄλλα ἀγαθὰ τῶι βασιλεῖ καὶ τῆι βασι- [24] λίσσηι πάντα, καὶ τὰ πράγματα καὶ τὴμ βασιλείαν αὐτοῖς διαμένειν λαμβάνου- [25] σαν ἐπίδοσιν καθάπερ αὐτοὶ προαιροῦνται· εὔξασθαι δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἱερεῖς καὶ [26] ἱερείας μετὰ τοῦ ἱερέως τοῦ βασιλέως Ἀντιόχου τῶι τε Ἀπόλλωνι τῶι ἀρχηγ[ῶι] [27] τοῦ γένους αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆι Νίκηι καὶ τῶι Διὶ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις θεοῖς πᾶσι καὶ πάσαις· ἐ[πὶ δὲ] [28] ταῖς εὐχαῖς τῆι μὲν Ἀθηνᾶι συντελεσάτωσαν τὴν νομιζομένην καὶ πάτ[ριον θυ-] [29] σίαν οἵ τε ἱερονόμοι καὶ οἱ πρυτάνεις μετὰ τῆς ἱερείας καὶ τῶμ πρεσβευτῶν, τ[ῶι δὲ Ἀπόλ-] [30] λωνι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις θεοῖς οἱ στρατηγοὶ μετὰ τῶν ἄλλω<ν> ἱερείων· ὅταν δὲ ποιῶ[σι τὰς θυ]- [31] σίας, στεφανηφορείτωσαν οἵ τε πολῖται καὶ οἱ πάροικοι πάντες, καὶ συνιόν[τες κατὰ φυ-] [32] <λ>ὰς συντε<λ>είτωσαν θυσίας τοῖς θεοῖς ὑπὲρ <τ>οῦ βασιλέως καὶ τοῦ δήμου· [ὅπως δὲ τὰ] [33] εἰς τὴν τιμὴν καὶ δόξαν ἀνήκοντα συγκατασκευάζων ὁ δῆμος φανερὸς [ἦ πᾶσιν, ἐπαι-] [34] νέσαι μὲν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῆι ἀρετῆι καὶ τῆι ἀνδραγαθίαι ἣν ἔχων [διατ]ελεῖ, [στῆσαι δὲ αὐτοῦ εἰ-] [35] κόνα χρυσῆν ἐφ’ ἵππου ἐν τῶι ἱερῶι τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἐν τῶι ἐπιφα[νεστάτωι τόπωι] [36] ἐπὶ βήματος τοῦ λευκοῦ λίθου καὶ ἐπιγράψαι· ὁ δῆμος ὁ [Ἰλιέων βασιλέα Ἀντί-] [37] οχον βασιλέως Σελεύκου εὐσεβείας ἕνεκεν τῆς εἰς τὸ ἱερό[ν, εὐεργέτην καὶ σω-] [38] τῆρα γεγονότα τοῦ δήμου· ἀναγορεῦσαι δὲ καὶ ἐμ [Παναθηναίοις τὰς τιμὰς ἐν τῶι] [39] γυμνικῶι ἀγῶνι τὸν ἀγωνοθέτην καὶ τοὺς σ[υνέδρους ὅταν ἥ τε Ἰλιέων πό]- [40] λις καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ πόλεις στεφανῶσιν τῶι ἀρ[ιστείωι στεφάνωι τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν τὴν] [41] Ἰλι<ά>δα, τὴν ἀναγγελίαν ποιουμένους [διὰ τοῦ γραμματέως τῶν ἀγωνοθέτῶν?] [42] ἑλέσθαι δὲ καὶ πρεσβευτὰς ἐκ πάν[των Ἰλιέων ἄνδρας τρεῖς οἵτινες] [43] ἀσπασάμενοι αὐτὸν παρὰ τ[οῦ πλήθους καὶ συνησθέντες ἐπὶ τῶι ὑ-] [44] γιαίνειν αὐτόν τε καὶ τὴ[ν ἀδελφὴν αὐτοῦ βασίλισσαν Λαοδίκην] [45] καὶ τοὺς φίλους καὶ τὰς [δυνάμεις ἀποδώσουσιν τὴν ἐψηφισμένην τι-] [46] μὴν καὶ ἀπολογισάμ[ενοι τὴν τοῦ δήμου εὔνοιαν ἣν ἔχων εἴς τε τὸν πα-] [47] τέρα αὐτοῦ βασιλέα Σ[έλευκον καὶ εἰς τὰ τοῦ βασιλέως πράγματα ἀεὶ δια-] [48] τετέλεκεν παρακαλοῦσ[ιν αὐτόν καὶ εἰς τὸ λοιπὸν ἀεὶ τινος ἀγαθοῦ αἴτιον] [49] [γίνεσθαι ἡμι]ν, συμβαίν[ οντος γὰρ τούτου εὐχαριστήσει τῶι δήμωι]. |
| TRANSLATION Piejko 1991, 11-12. When Nymphius son of Diotrephes was President of the Assembly for the month, Dionysius son of Hippomedon the Foreman of the Council’s Standing Committee, on the motion of Demetrius son of Dies: Whereas King Antiochus son of King Seleucus from the beginning, as soon as he succeeded to the reign and proposed himself a (5) glorious and honorable course of action, sought to restore the cities of the Seleucis, vexed by the troublesome circumstances caused by those who had defected from the realm, to peace and original prosperity, pursuing the rebels against the state as it was just (in the endeavor) to regain his ancestral empire. Wherefore, since his purpose was honorable and just, in the contest for his cause (10) he was aided not only by friends and troops with alacrity, but also by the favor of the beneficent deity, so that he restored the cities to tranquillity and the kingdom to its pristine condition. And now upon his arrival in the regions on this side of the Taurus with all due care and dispatch he has assured peace to the cities and at the same time brought his affairs and the Empire to a greater and more splendid condition. (15) (He has achieved this) owing above all to his personal valor, but also through the good will of his friends and of the troops. Therefore in order that the people, in the same manner as once before, at the time when he succeeded to the kingdom, had performed vows and sacrifices to all gods on his behalf, might even now give to the King a manifestation of a good will and of their abiding in the same proposition, with a good luck, be it decreed by the Council and the (20) People: The Priestess, the cult officials and the governing magistrates shall pray to Athena of Ilium jointly with the ambassador for the propitious advent of the King, of her ladyship his Queen, and of the friends and the troops, and that among all other blessings, which may be granted to the King and the Queen, their rule and their kingdom might endure in stability and in constant (25) increase of strength, just as they wish themselves. Likewise, that other priests and priestesses pray together with the priest of King Antiochus to Apollo the Primogenitor of his race, to the Victory, to the Supreme Deity, and to all gods and goddesses. On the occasion of prayers the cult officials and the governing magistrates together with the priests and ambassadors shall perform the traditional and prescribed rites to Athena, while the officers with the priests do the same to (30) Apollo and other gods. When they offer these sacrifices all the citizens and resident alients shall wear festive crowns, and as they congregate by tribes they should make oblations to the gods in the intention of the King and of the people. In order that the people give a fitting, expression in respect to honor and esteem, to eulogize the King on his prowess and valor, with which he has been distinguishing himself, and to erect his (35) gilded equestrian statue in the sanctuary of Athena in the most conspicuous place, upon a basis of white stone and inscribe it: THE PEOPLE OF ILIUM (set up this statue of) KING ANTIOCHUS, THE SON OF KING SELEUCUS, FOR HIS DEVOTION TO THE SANCTUARY (and) BECAUSE HE BECAME BENEFACTOR AND SAVIOR OF THE PEOPLE. That the President of the Festival and the D[elegates] proclaim [the honors at the Panathenaea during the] athletic contest, when the city [of Ilium] (40) and the confederate cities crown the Ilian [Athena with the wreath of] valor, making the announcement [through the secretary of the directors of the festival?]. Furthermore to elect out of (all the citizens of Ilium a deputation of three men, who] having addressed the King on behalf of [the populace and congratulated him upon the] good health of himself and her [ladyship his Queen Laodice], (45) and of his friends and [troops, shall convey the decreed] honor, and after appropriate affirmations [of the constant good will, which has always animated our community towards his] father King S[eleucus and towards the affairs of the King himself], they shall exhort [him to continue also in the future as our benefactor], for [thus he will gratify the people”). Kotsidu 2000, 7-8. Priester der monatlichen Opfer war Nymphaios, Sohn des Diotrephes, Epistates war Dionysios, Sohn des Hippomedon. Demetrios, Sohn des Dies, stellte den Antrag: Da König Antiochos, Sohn des Königs Seleukos, von Anfang an, als er die Herrschaft übernahm und in rühmlicher und schöner Gesinnung daranging, die Städte der Seleukis, (5) die durch die Abtrünnigen vom Staat schwere Zeiten erlebten, wieder zum Frieden und der alten Glücklichkeit zu bringen, gegen die Angreifer des Staates auszurücken, wie es nur billig war, und die väterliche Herrschaft wiederzuerlangen. Weswegen er in schönem und gerechtem Einsatz, wobei ihm nicht nur die Freunde und die Streitkräfte (10) hilfsbereit im Kampf um den Staat, sondern auch die Gottheit wohlwollend und mitwirkend zuteil wurde, die Städte zum Frieden und das Reich in den alten Zustand brachte. Jetzt, in die Gebiete diesseits des Taurus kommend, verschaffte er mit aller Mühe und vollem Eifer den Städten den Frieden und brachte den Staat und das Reich in eine größere und glänzendere Verfassung, (15) am meisten durch seine eigene Tüchtigkeit, sodann durch das Wohlwollen der Freunde und der Streitkräfte. Damit nun das Volk, da es auch früher, als er die Herrschaft übernahm, fort fährt, Gebete und Opfer alien Göttern für ihm darzubringen, daß er auch nun wohlwollend und in gleicher Gesinnung ist, dem König offenkudig sei, zum guten GIück. Mögen der Rat und das Volk beschließen: (20) Die Priesterin, die Hieronomoi und die Prytanen sollen zusammen mit den Gesandten zu Athena Ilias beten, daß die Anwesenheit <zum Nutzen> des Königs, seiner Schwester, der Königin, der Freunde und der Streitkräfte sei und daß alles übrige Gute dem König und der Königin zuteil werde, und daß ihnen Staat und Reich erhalten bleiben, und anwachsen, (25) wie sie es sich wünschen. Auch die anderen Priester und Priesterinnen zusammen mit dem Priester des Königs Antiochos sollen zu Apollon, dem Archegetes seines Geschlechts, und zu Nike und Zeus und allen anderen Göttern und Göttinnen beten. Während des Gebets sollen die Hieronomoi und die Prytanen zusammen mit der Priesterin und den Gesandten der Athena das überkommene väterliche Opfer darbringen, die Strategen zusammen mit den anderen Priestern dem Apollon und den anderen Göttern. (30) Wenn diese die Opfer darbringen, sollen alle Bürger und Paröken Kränze tragen, nach Phylen zusammeskommen und den Göttern Opfer für den König und das Volk darbringen. Damit nun allen offenkundig sei, daß sich das Volk um die gebührenden Ehren und den Ruhm kümmert, soll man ihn wegen seines vorbildlichen Charakters und seiner Mannhaftigkeit, die er stets hat, loben und ein goldenes Reiterstandbild von ihm (35) im Heiligtum der Athena am angesehensten Ort auf einem weißen Marmorsockel aufstellen und aufschreiben: “Das Volk der Ilier (weiht) den König Antiochos, den Sohn des Königs Seleukos, wegen seiner Frömmigkeit dem Heiligtum gegenüber, den Wohltäter und Retter des Volkes.” Der Agonothetes und die Synhedroi sollen bei den Panathenäen am gymnischen Agon [die Ehrungen] ausrufen, wenn die Stadt der Ilier (40) und die restlichen Städte die Athena Ilias mit dem Ehrenkranz auszeichnen. Ferner soll man drei Männer unter allen IIiern als Gesandte auswählen, die ihm die Grüße des Volkes überbringen sollen, ihre Freude über seine Gesundheit wie die seiner Schwester, der Königin Laodike, (45) er Kinder und der Streitkräfte, die beschlossenen Ehrungen überbringen sollen, und, nachdem sie das Wohlwollen des Volkes, das es seinem Vater Seleukos und dem ganzen königlichem Haus gegenüber stets erwies, in Erinnerung gerufen haben, ihn auffordern soll, auch hernach sich immer als Urheber des Guten bei uns zu erweisen, denn wenn dem Volk solches widerfährt, dann wird Dank abgestattet. |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY Bömmer (1952). RE, s.v. Pompa. Herrscher, Vol. XXI.2, 1963, n. 270. Bouché-Leclercq, A. (1913). Histoire des Séleucides (323-64 avant J.-C.). Paris: E. Leroux, 73-74. Bouché-Leclercq, A. (1914). Histoire des Séleucides (323-64 avant J.-C.). Paris: E. Leroux, 535-536, 544-546. Hondius, J. J. E., ed., (1929). Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. 4, 661. Amsterdam. Kotsidu, H. (2000). Timē kai doxa: Ehrungen für hellenistische Herrscher im griechischen Mutterland und in Kleinasien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der archäologischen Denkmäler. Berlin: Akademie-Verl, 306-309. Laqueur, R. (1904). Quaestiones epigraphicae et papyrologicae selectae. Argentorati: Du Mont-Schauberg, 80, n. 1. Magie, D. (1950). Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century After Christ. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 95, 925-926. Orth, W. (1977). Königlicher Machtanspruch und städtische Freiheit: Untersuchungen zu den politischen Beziehungen zwischen den ersten Seleukidenherrschern (Seleukos I., Antiochos I., Antiochos II.) und den Städten des westlichen Kleinasiens. München: C. H. Beck, 43-72. Piejko, F. (1980). “Reviewed of La Caria e la Ionia meridionale in epoca ellenistica (322-188 a. C.), by Attilio Mastrocinque”. Gnomon 52(3): 255-261. Piejko, F. (1991). “Antiochus III and Ilium”. Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 37: 9-50. Robert, L. (1937). Études anatoliennes: Recherches sur les inscriptions grecques de l’Asie mineure. Paris: E. de Boccard, 182. Robert, L. (1966). “Sur un décret d’Ilion et sur un papyrus concernant des cultes royaux”. Essays in honor of C. Bradford Welles. New Haven: American Society of Papyrologists, 175–211 (with photograph). Robert, L. (1966). Monnaies antiques en Troade. Genève: Droz, 11-12. Versnel, H. S. (1990). Ter Unus: Isis, Dionysos, Hermes: Three Studies in Henotheism. Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion. Leiden: Brill, 79. |
Tag
Priests
Ptolemy Philadephus’ pompe (cult of Ptolemy I and Berenike)
| TITLE Ptolemy Philadephus’ pompe (cult of Ptolemy I and Berenike) |
| DATE Terminus post quem 282 – terminus ante quem 270 BCE (“in the middle of the winter” Athen. Deipn. 197D: probably between 279 and 276, 279/278 or in December 275-February 274 BCE). |
| TEXT Gulick 1928, 386-420 (Athen. Deipn 196A-203C). [196] [a] θαυμασάντων δὲ τῶν δαιτυμόνων τήν τε τοῦ βασιλέως διάνοιαν ὡς οὐκ ἐπιφανής, ἀλλ᾽ ὄντως ἐπιμανὴς ὑπῆρχε … προσέθηκεν ὁ Μασούριος περὶ τῆς ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ γεγενημένης ὑπὸ τοῦ πάντα ἀρίστου Πτολεμαίου τοῦ Φιλαδέλφου βασιλέως πομπῆς Καλλίξεινον τὸν Ῥόδιον ἱστοροῦντα ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ περὶ Ἀλεξανδρείας, ὅς φησι· “πρὸ δὲ τοῦ ἄρξασθαι τὴν κατασκευασθεῖσαν σκηνὴν ἐν τῷ τῆς ἄκρας περιβόλῳ χωρὶς τῆς τῶν στρατιωτῶν καὶ τεχνιτῶν καὶ παρεπιδήμων ὑποδοχῆς ἐξηγήσομαι· καλὴ γὰρ εἰς ὑπερβολὴν ἀξία τε [b] ἀκοῆς ἐγενήθη. τὸ μὲν οὖν μέγεθος αὐτῆς ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα κλίνας ἐπιδεχόμενον κύκλῳ, διασκευὴν δ᾽ εἶχε τοιαύτην. κίονες διεστάθησαν ξύλινοι πέντε μὲν κατὰ πλευρὰν ἑκάστην τοῦ μήκους πεντηκονταπήχεις πρὸς ὕψος, ἑνὶ δὲ ἐλάττους κατὰ πλάτος· ἐφ᾽ ὧν ἐπιστύλιον καθηρμόσθη τετράγωνον, ὑπερεῖδον τὴν σύμπασαν τοῦ συμποσίου στέγην. αὕτη δ᾽ ἐνεπετάσθη κατὰ μέσον οὐρανίσκῳ κοκκινοβαφεῖ περιλεύκῳ, καθ᾽ ἑκάτερον δὲ μέρος εἶχε δοκοὺς μεσολεύκοις ἐμπετάσμασι πυργωτοῖς κατειλημένας, [c] ἐν αἷς φατνώματα γραπτὰ κατὰ μέσον ἐτέτακτο. τῶν δὲ κιόνων οἱ μὲν τέσσαρες ὡμοίωντο φοίνιξιν, οἱ δ᾽ ἀνὰ μέσον θύρσων εἶχον φαντασίαν. τούτων δ᾽ ἐκτὸς περίστυλος ἐπεποίητο σῦριγξ ταῖς τρισὶ πλευραῖς καμαρωτὴν ἔχουσα στέγην, ἐν ᾗ τὴν τῶν κατακειμένων ἀκολουθίαν ἑστάναι συνέβαινεν. ἧς τὸ μὲν ἐντὸς αὐλαίαις περιείχετο φοινικίναις, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἀνὰ μέσον [d] χωρῶν δοραὶ θηρίων παράδοξοι καὶ τῇ ποικιλίᾳ καὶ τοῖς μεγέθεσιν ἐκρέμαντο. τὸ δὲ περιέχον αὐτὴν ὕπαιθρον μυρρίναις καὶ δάφναις ἄλλοις τε ἐπιτηδείοις ἔρνεσιν ἐγεγόνει συνηρεφές. τὸ δ’ ἔδαφος πᾶν ἄνθεσι κατεπέπαστο παντοίοις. ἡ γὰρ Αἴγυπτος καὶ διὰ τὴν τοῦ περιέχοντος ἀέρος εὐκρασίαν καὶ διὰ τοὺς κηπεύοντας τὰ σπανίως καὶ καθ᾽ ὥραν ἐνεστηκυῖαν ἐν ἑτέροις φυόμενα τόποις ἄφθονα γεννᾷ καὶ διὰ παντός, καὶ οὔτε ῥόδον οὔτε λευκόιον οὔτ’ ἄλλο ῥᾳδίως ἄνθος ἐκλιπεῖν οὐθὲν οὐδέποτ᾽ εἴωθεν. διὸ δὴ καὶ κατὰ μέσον χειμῶνα τῆς ὑποδοχῆς τότε γενηθείσης [e] παράδοξος ἡ φαντασία τοῖς ξένοις κατέστη. τὰ γὰρ εἰς μίαν εὑρεθῆναι στεφάνωσιν οὐκ ἂν δυνηθέντα ἐν ἄλλῃ πόλει ῥᾳδίως, ταῦτα καὶ τῷ πλήθει τῶν κατακειμένων ἐχορηγεῖτο εἰς τοὺς στεφάνους ἀφθόνως καὶ εἰς τὸ τῆς σκηνῆς ἔδαφος κατεπέπαστο χύδην, θείου τινὸς ὡς ἀληθῶς ἀποτελοῦντα λειμῶνος πρόσοψιν. διέκειτο δὲ ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν τῆς σκηνῆς παραστάδων ζῷα μαρμάρινα τῶν πρώτων τεχνιτῶν ἑκατόν. ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἀνὰ μέσον χώραις πίνακες τῶν Σικυωνικῶν ζωγράφων, ἐναλλὰξ δ᾽ ἐπίλεκτοι εἰκασίαι παντοῖαι καὶ χιτῶνες χρυσουφεῖς [f] ἐφαπτίδες τε κάλλισται, τινὲς μὲν εἰκόνας ἔχουσαι τῶν βασιλέων ἐνυφασμένας, αἱ δὲ μυθικὰς διαθέσεις. ὑπεράνω δὲ τούτων θυρεοὶ περιέκειντο ἐναλλάξ ἀργυροῖ τε καὶ χρυσοῖ. ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἐπάνω τούτων χώραις οὔσαις ὀκταπήχεσιν ἄντρα κατεσκεύαστο κατὰ μὲν τὸ μῆκος τῆς σκηνῆς ἓξ ἐν ἑκατέρᾳ πλευρᾷ, κατὰ πλάτος δέ τέτταρα· συμπόσιά τε ἀντία ἀλλήλων ἐν αὐτοῖς τραγικῶν τε καὶ [197] [a] κωμικῶν καὶ σατυρικῶν ζῴων ἀληθινὸν ἐχόντων ἱματισμόν, οἷς παρέκειτο καὶ ποτήρια χρυσᾶ. κατὰ μέσον δὲ τῶν ἄντρων νύμφαι ἐλείφθησαν, ἐν αἷς ἔκειντο Δελφικοὶ χρυσοῖ τρίποδες ὑποστήματ᾽ ἔχοντες. κατὰ δὲ τὸν ὑψηλότατον τόπον τῆς ὀροφῆς ἀετοὶ κατὰ πρόσωπον ἦσαν ἀλλήλων χρυσοῖ, πεντεκαιδεκαπήχεις τὸ μέγεθος. ἔκειντο δὲ κλῖναι χρυσαῖ σφιγγόποδες ἐν ταῖς δυσὶ πλευραῖς ἑκατόν· ἡ γὰρ κατὰ πρόσωπον ἁψὶς ἀφεῖτ᾽ ἀναπεπταμένη. [b] ταύταις δ᾽ ἀμφίταποι ἁλουργεῖς ὑπέστρωντο τῆς πρώτης ἐρέας, καὶ περιστρώματα ποικίλα διαπρεπῆ ταῖς τέχναις ἐπῆν. ψιλαὶ δὲ Περσικαὶ τὴν ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ποδῶν χώραν ἐκάλυπτον, ἀκριβῆ τὴν εὐγραμμίαν τῶν ἐνυφασμένων ἔχουσαι ζῳδίων. παρετέθησαν δὲ καὶ τρίποδες τοῖς κατακειμένοις χρυσοῖ διακόσιοι τὸν ἀριθμόν, ὥστ᾽ εἶναι δύο κατὰ κλίνην, ἐπ᾽ ἀργυρῶν διέδρων. ἐκ δὲ τῶν ὄπισθεν πρὸς τὴν ἀπόνιψιν ἑκατὸν ἀργυραῖ λεκάναι καὶ [c] καταχύσεις ἴσαι παρέκειντο. ἐπεπήγει δὲ τοῦ συμποσίου καταντικρὺ καὶ ἑτέρα κλίνη πρὸς τὴν τῶν κυλίκων καὶ ποτηρίων τῶν τε λοιπῶν τῶν πρὸς τὴν χρῆσιν ἀνηκόντων κατασκευασμάτων ἔκθεσιν· ἃ δὴ πάντα χρυσᾶ τε ἦν καὶ διάλιθα, θαυμαστὰ ταῖς τέχναις. τούτων δὲ τὴν μὲν κατὰ μέρος κατασκευὴν καὶ τὰ γένη μακρὸν ἐπεφαίνετό μοι δηλοῦν· τὸ δὲ τοῦ σταθμοῦ πλῆθος εἰς μύρια τάλαντα ἀργυρίου τὴν σύμπασαν εἶχε κατασκευήν. Ήμεῖς δὲ ἐπειδὴ τὰ κατὰ τὴν σκηνὴν διεληλύθαμεν, ποιησόμεθα καὶ τὴν τῆς πομπῆς ἐξήγησιν. ἤγετο γὰρ διὰ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν σταδίου. [d] πρώτη δ᾽ ἐβάδιζεν ἡ Ἑωσφόρου· καὶ γὰρ ἀρχὴν εἶχεν ἡ πομπὴ καθ᾽ ὃν ὁ προειρημένος ἀστήρ φαίνεται χρόνον. ἔπειθ᾽ ἡ τοῖς τῶν βασιλέων γονεῦσι κατωνομασμένη. μετὰ δὲ ταύτας αἱ τῶν θεῶν ἁπάντων, οἰκείαν ἔχουσαι τῆς περὶ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ἱστορίας διασκευήν. τὴν δὲ τελευταίαν Ἑσπέρου συνέβαινεν εἶναι, τῆς ὥρας εἰς τοῦτο συναγούσης τὸν καιρόν. τὰ δὲ κατά μέρος αὐτῶν εἴ τις εἰδέναι βούλεται, τὰς τῶν πεντ- [e] ετηρίδων γραφὰς λαμβάνων ἐπισκοπείτω. τῆς δὲ Διονυσιακῆς πομπῆς πρῶτοι μὲν προῄεσαν οἱ τὸν ὄχλον ἀνείργοντες Σιληνοί, πορφυρᾶς χλαμύδας, οἱ δὲ φοινικίδας ἠμφιεσμένοι. τούτοις δ᾽ ἐπηκολούθουν Σάτυροι καθ᾽ ἕκαστον τοῦ σταδίου μέρος εἴκοσι, λαμπάδας φέροντες κισσίνας διαχρύσους. μεθ᾽ οὓς Νῖκαι χρυσᾶς ἔχουσαι πτέρυγα. ἔφερον δ᾽ αὗται θυμιατήρια ἑξαπήχη κισσίνοις διαχρύσοις κλωσὶ διακεκοσμημένα, ζῳωτοὺς ἐνδεδυκυῖαι χιτῶνας, αὐταὶ δὲ πολὺν κόσμον χρυσοῦν περι- [f] κείμεναι. μετὰ δὲ ταύτας εἵπετο βωμὸς ἑξάπηχυς διπλοῦς κισσίνῃ φυλλάδι διαχρύσῳ πεπυκασμένος, ἔχων ἀμπέλινον χρυσοῦν στέφανον μεσολεύκοις μίτραις διειλημμένον. ἐπηκολούθουν δ᾽ αὐτῷ παῖδες ἐν χιτῶσι πορφυροῖς, λιβανωτὸν καὶ σμύρναν, ἔτι δὲ κρόκον ἐπὶ χρυσῶν μαζονόμων φέροντες ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι. μεθ᾽ οὓς Σάτυροι τεσσαράκοντα ἐστεφανωμένοι κισσίνοις χρυσοῖς στεφάνοις· τὰ δὲ σώματα οἱ μὲν ἐκέχριντο ὀστρείῳ, [198] [a] τινὲς δὲ μίλτῳ καὶ χρώμασιν ἑτέροις. ἔφερον δὲ καὶ οὗτοι στέφανον χρυσοῦν ἐξ ἀμπέλου καὶ κισσοῦ εἰργασμένον. μεθ᾽ οὓς Σιληνοὶ δύο ἐν πορφυραῖς χλαμύσι καὶ κρηπῖσι λευκαῖς. εἶχε δ᾽ αὐτῶν ὁ μὲν πέτασον καὶ κηρύκειον χρυσοῦν, ὁ δὲ σάλπιγγα. μέσος δὲ τούτων ἐβάδιζεν ἀνὴρ μείζων ἢ τετράπηχυς ἐν τραγικῇ διαθέσει καὶ προσώπῳ, φέρων χρυσοῦν Ἀμαλθείας κέρας· ὃς προσηγορεύετο Ἐνιαυτός. ᾧ γυνὴ περικαλλεστάτη καὶ ἴση κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος εἵπετο πολλῷ [b] χρυσῷ καὶ διαπρεπεῖ χιτῶνι κεκοσμημένη, φέρουσα τῇ μὲν μιᾷ τῶν χειρῶν στέφανον περσέας, τῇ δ᾽ ἑτέρᾳ ῥάβδον φοίνικος· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ αὕτη Πεντετηρίς. ταύτῃ δ᾽ ἐπηκολούθουν Ὧραι αἱ τέσσαρες διεσκευασμέναι καὶ ἑκάστη φέρουσα τοὺς ἰδίους καρπούς· ἐχόμενα τούτων θυμιατήρια δύο κίσσινα ἐκ χρυσοῦ ἑξαπήχη καὶ βωμὸς ἀνὰ μέσον τούτων τετράγωνος χρυσοῦ. καὶ πάλιν Σάτυροι στεφάνους ἔχοντες κισσίνους χρυσοῦς, φοινικίδας περιβεβλημένοι· ἔφερον δ᾽ οἱ μὲν οἰνοχόην χρυσῆν, οἱ δὲ καρχήσιον. μεθ᾽ οὓς ἐπορεύετο Φιλίσκος ὁ ποιητὴς ἱερεὺς ὢν [c] Διονύσου καὶ πάντες οἱ περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον τεχνῖται. τούτων δ᾽ ἐφεξῆς ἐφέροντο Δελφικοὶ τρίποδες, ἆθλα τοῖς τῶν ἀθλητῶν χορηγοῖς, ὁ μὲν παιδικὸς ἐννέα πηχῶν τὸ ὕψος, ὁ δὲ πηχῶν δώδεκα ὁ τῶν ἀνδρῶν. μετὰ τούτους τετράκυκλος πηχῶν τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα, ὀκτὼ δὲ τὸ πλάτος, ἤγετο ὑπὸ ἀνδρῶν ὀγδοήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν, ἐπὶ δὲ ταύτης ἐπῆν ἄγαλμα Διονύσου δεκάπηχυ σπένδον ἐκ καρχησίου χρυσοῦ, χιτῶνα πορφυροῦν ἔχον διάπεζον καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῦ κροκωτὸν διαφανῆ· περιεβέβλητο δὲ ἱμάτιον πορφυροῦν χρυσοποίκιλον. [d] προέκειτο δὲ αὐτοῦ κρατὴρ Λακωνικὸς χρυσοῦς μετρητῶν δεκαπέντε καὶ τρίπους χρυσοῦς, ἐφ᾽ οὗ θυμιατήριον χρυσοῦν καὶ φιάλαι δύο χρυσαῖ, κασίας μεσταὶ καὶ κρόκου. περιέκειτο δ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ σκιὰς ἐκ κισσοῦ καὶ ἀμπέλου καὶ τῆς λοιπῆς ὀπώρας κεκοσμημένη, προσήρτηντο δὲ καὶ στέφανοι καὶ ταινίαι καὶ θύρσοι καὶ τύμπανα καὶ μίτραι πρόσωπά τε σατυρικὰ καὶ κωμικὰ καὶ [e] τραγικά. τῇ δὲ τετρακύκλῳ … ἱερεῖς καὶ ἱέρειαι καὶ ἱεροστολισταὶ καὶ θίασοι παντοδαποὶ καὶ τὰ λῖκνα φέρουσαι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Μακέται αἱ καλούμεναι Μιμαλλόνες καὶ Βασσάραι καὶ Λυδαί, κατακεχυμέναι τὰς τρίχας καὶ ἐστεφανωμέναι τινὲς μὲν ὄφεσιν, αἱ δὲ μίλακι καὶ ἀμπέλῳ καὶ κισσῷ· κατεῖχον δὲ ταῖς χερσὶν αἱ μὲν ἐγχειρίδια, αἱ δὲ ὄφεις. μετὰ δὲ ταύτας ἤγετο [f] τετράκυκλος πηχῶν ὀκτὼ πλάτος ὑπὸ ἀνδρῶν ἑξήκοντα, ἐφ᾽ ἧς ἄγαλμα Νύσης ὀκτάπηχυ καθήμενον, ἐνδεδυκὸς μὲν θάψινον χιτῶνα χρυσοποίκιλον, ἱμάτιον δὲ ἠμφίεστο Λακωνικόν. ἀνίστατο δὲ τοῦτο μηχανικῶς οὐδενὸς τὰς χεῖρας προσάγοντος καὶ σπεῖσαν ἐκ χρυσῆς φιάλης γάλα πάλιν ἐκάθητο. εἶχε δὲ ἐν τῇ ἀριστερᾷ θύρσον ἐστεμμένον μίτραις. αὕτη δ᾽ ἐστεφάνωτο κισσίνῳ χρυσῷ καὶ βότρυσι διαλίθοις πολυτελέσιν. εἶχε δὲ σκιάδα καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν γωνιῶν τῆς τετρακύκλου κατεπεπήγεσαν [199] [a] λαμπάδες διάχρυσοι τέτταρες. ἑξῆς εἵλκετο ἄλλη τετράκυκλος μῆκος πηχῶν εἴκοσι, πλάτος ἑκκαίδεκα, ὑπὸ ἀνδρῶν τριακοσίων· ἐφ᾽ ἧς κατεσκεύαστο ληνὸς πηχῶν εἴκοσι τεσσάρων, πλάτος πεντεκαίδεκα, πλήρης σταφυλῆς. ἐπάτουν δὲ ἑξήκοντα Σάτυροι πρὸς αὐλὸν ᾁδοντες μέλος ἐπιλήνιον, ἐφειστήκει δ᾽ αὐτοῖς Σιληνός. καὶ δι᾽ ὅλης τῆς ὁδοῦ τὸ γλεῦκος ἔρρει. ἑξῆς ἐφέρετο τετράκυκλος μῆκος πηχῶν εἴκοσι πέντε, πλάτος τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα, ἤγετο δὲ ὑπὸ ἀνδρῶν ἑξακοσίων· ἐφ᾽ ἧς ἦν ἀσκὸς τρισχιλίους ἔχων μετρητάς, ἐκ [b] παρδαλῶν ἐρραμμένος· ἔρρει δὲ καὶ οὗτος κατὰ μικρὸν ἀνιέμενος κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν ὁδόν. ἠκολούθουν δ᾽ αὐτῷ Σάτυροι καὶ Σιληνοὶ ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι ἐστεφανωμένοι, φέροντες οἱ μὲν οἰνοχόας, οἱ δὲ φιάλας, οἱ δὲ θηρικλείους μεγάλας, πάντα χρυσᾶ. ἐχόμενος ἤγετο κρατὴρ ἀργυροῦς ἑξακοσίους χωρῶν μετρητὰς ἐπὶ τετρακύκλου ἑλκομένης ὑπὸ ἀνδρῶν ἑξακοσίων. εἶχε δὲ ὑπὸ τὰ χείλη καὶ τὰ ὦτα καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν βάσιν ζῷα τετορευμένα [c] καὶ διὰ μέσου ἐστεφάνωτο στεφάνῳ χρυσῷ διαλίθῳ. ἑξῆς ἐφέρετο κυλικεῖα ἀργυρᾶ δωδεκαπήχη δύο, ὕψος πηχῶν ἕξ· ταῦτα δ᾽ εἶχεν ἄνω τε ἀκρωτήρια καὶ ἐν ταῖς γάστραις κύκλῳ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ποδῶν ζῷα τριημιπήχη καὶ πηχυαῖα πλήθει πολλά, καὶ λουτῆρες μεγάλοι δέκα καὶ κρατῆρες ἑκκαίδεκα, ὧν οἱ μείζους ἐχώρουν μετρητὰς τριάκοντα, οἱ δ᾽ ἐλάχιστοι πέντε, εἶτα λέβητες βαλανωτοὶ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες ἐπ᾽ ἐγγυθήκαις πάντες καὶ ληνοὶ ἀργυραῖ δύο, ἐφ᾽ ὧν ἦσαν βῖκοι [d] εἴκοσι τέσσαρες, τράπεζά τε ὁλάργυρος δωδεκάπηχυς καὶ ἄλλαι ἑξαπήχεις τριάκοντα. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις τρίποδες τέσσαρες, ὧν εἷς μὲν εἶχε τὴν περίμετρον πηχῶν ἑκκαίδεκα, κατάργυρος ὢν ὅλος, οἱ δὲ τρεῖς ἐλάττονες ὄντες διάλιθοι κατὰ μέσον ὑπῆρχον. μετὰ τούτους ἐφέροντο Δελφικοὶ τρίποδες ἀργυροῖ ὀγδοήκοντα τὸν ἀριθμόν, ἐλάττους τῶν προειρημένων, ὧν αἱ γωνίαι …, τετραμέτρητοι, ὑδρίαι εἴκοσι καὶ ἕξ, ἀμφορεῖς Παναθηναικοὶ δεκαέξ, ψυκτῆρες ἑκατὸν ἑξήκοντα. [e] τούτων ὁ μέγιστος ἦν μετρητῶν ἕξ, ὁ δὲ ἐλάχιστος δύο. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἦν ἅπαντα ἀργυρᾶ. Έχόμενοι δὲ τούτων ἐπόμπευον οἱ τὰ χρυσώματα φέροντες, κρατῆρας Λακωνικοὺς τέτταρας ἔχοντας στεφάνους ἀμπελίνους … τετραμέτρητοι ἕτεροι, Κορινθιουργεῖς δύο—οὗτοι δ᾽ εἶχον ἄνωθεν καθήμενα περιφανῆ τετορευμένα ζῷα καὶ ἐν τῷ τραχήλῳ καὶ ἐν ταῖς γάστραις πρόστυπα ἐπιμελῶς πεποιημένα ἐχώρει δ’ ἕκαστος μετρητὰς ὀκτὼ— ἐπ᾽ ἐγγυθήκαις. καὶ ληνός, ἐν [f] ᾗ ἦσαν βῖκοι δέκα, ὁλκεῖα δύο, ἑκάτερον χωροῦν μετρητὰς πέντε, κώθωνες διμέτρητοι δύο, ψυκτῆρες εἴκοσι δύο, ὧν ὁ μέγιστος ἐχώρει μετρητὰς τριάκοντα, ὁ δὲ ἐλάχιστος μετρητήν. ἐπόμπευσαν δὲ τρίποδες χρυσοῖ μεγάλοι τέτταρες· καὶ χρυσωματοθήκη χρυσῆ διάλιθος πηχῶν δέκα ὕψος, ἔχουσα βασμοὺς ἕξ, ἐν οἷς καὶ ζῷα τετραπάλαιστα ἐπιμελῶς πεποιημένα, πολλὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν· καὶ κυλικεῖα δύο καὶ ὑάλινα διάχρυσα δύο· ἐγγυθῆκαι [200] [a] χρυσαῖ τετραπήχεις δύο, ἄλλαι ἐλάττους τρεῖς, ὑδρίαι δέκα, βωμὸς τρίπηχυς, μαζονόμια εἴκοσι πέντε. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἐπορεύοντο παῖδες χίλιοι καὶ ἑξακόσιοι ἐνδεδυκότες χιτῶνας λευκούς, ἐστεφανωμένοι οἱ μὲν κισσῷ, οἱ δὲ πίτυι· ὧν διακόσιοι μὲν καὶ πεντήκοντα χοεῖς εἶχον χρυσοῦς, τετρακόσιοι δὲ ἀργυροῦς, ἕτεροι δὲ τριακόσιοι καὶ εἴκοσι ψυκτήρια ἔφερον χρυσᾶ, οἱ δὲ ἀργυρᾶ. μεθ᾽ οὓς ἄλλοι παῖδες ἔφερον κεράμια πρὸς τὴν τοῦ γλυκισμοῦ χρείαν, ὧν εἴκοσι μὲν ἦν χρυσᾶ, πεντήκοντα δὲ ἀργυρᾶ, τριακόσια δὲ κεκηρο- [b] γραφημένα χρώμασι παντοίοις. καὶ κερασθέντων ἐν ταῖς ὑδρίαις καὶ πίθοις πάντες κοσμίως ἐγλυκάνθησαν οἱ ἐν τῷ σταδίῳ. ‘Εξῆς τούτοις καταλέγει τετραπήχεις τραπέζας ἐφ᾽ ὧν πολλὰ θέας ἄξια πολυτελῶς κατεσκευασμένα περιήγετο θεάματα. ἐν οἷς καὶ ὁ τῆς Σεμέλης θάλαμος, ἐν ᾧ ἔχουσι χιτῶνας τινὲς διαχρύσους καὶ λιθοκολλήτους τῶν πολυτιμήτων. οὐκ ἄξιον δ᾽ ἦν παραλιπεῖν τήνδε “τὴν τετράκυκλον, μῆκος οὖσαν πηχῶν εἴκοσι δύο, πλάτος δεκατεσσάρων, [c] ὑπὸ ἀνδρῶν ἑλκομένην πεντακοσίων· ἐφ᾽ ἧς ἄντρον ἦν βαθὺ καθ᾽ ὑπερβολὴν κισσῷ καὶ μίλῳ. ἐκ τούτου περιστεραὶ καὶ φάσσαι καὶ τρυγόνες καθ᾽ ὅλην ἐξίπταντο τὴν ὁδόν, λημνίσκοις τοὺς πόδας δεδεμέναι πρὸς τὸ ῥᾳδίως ὑπὸ τῶν θεωμένων ἁρπάζεσθαι. ἀνέβλυζον δὲ ἐξ αὐτοῦ καὶ κρουνοὶ δύο, ὁ μὲν γάλακτος, ὁ δὲ οἴνου. πᾶσαι δ᾽ αἱ περὶ αὐτὸν Νύμφαι στεφάνους εἶχον χρυσοῦς, ὁ δὲ Ἑρμῆς καὶ κηρύκειον χρυσοῦν, ἐσθῆτας δὲ πολυτελεῖς. ἐπὶ δὲ ἄλλης τετρακύκλου, ἣ περιεῖχε [d] τὴν ἐξ Ἰνδῶν κάθοδον Διονύσου, Διόνυσος ἦν δωδεκάπηχυς ἐπ᾽ ἐλέφαντος κατακείμενος, ἠμφιεσμένος πορφυρίδα καὶ στέφανον κισσοῦ καὶ ἀμπέλου χρυσοῦν ἔχων· εἶχε δ᾽ ἐν ταῖς χερσὶ θυρσόλογχον χρυσοῦν, ὑπεδέδετο δ᾽ ἐμβάδας χρυσορραφεῖς. προεκάθητο δ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῷ τραχήλῳ τοῦ ἐλέφαντος Σατυρίσκος πεντάπηχυς ἐστεφανωμένος πίτυος στεφάνῳ χρυσῷ, τῇ δεξιᾷ χειρὶ αἰγείῳ κέρατι χρυσῷ σημαίνων. ὁ δὲ ἐλέφας σκευὴν εἶχε χρυσῆν καὶ περὶ τῷ τραχήλῳ [e] κίσσινον χρυσοῦν στέφανον. ἠκολούθουν δὲ τούτῳ παιδίσκαι πεντακόσιαι κεκοσμημέναι χιτῶσι πορφυροῖς, χρυσῷ διεζωσμέναι. ἐστεφάνωντο δὲ αἱ μὲν ἡγούμεναι ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι χρυσοῖς πιτυίνοις στεφάνοις, ἠκολούθουν δ᾽ αὐταῖς Σάτυροι ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι, πανοπλίας οἱ μὲν χρυσᾶς, οἱ δὲ ἀργυρᾶς, οἱ δὲ χαλκᾶς ἔχοντες. μετὰ δὲ τούτους ἐπορεύοντο ὄνων ἶλαι πέντε, ἐφ᾽ ὧν ἦσαν Σιληνοὶ καὶ Σάτυροι ἐστεφανωμένοι. τῶν δὲ ὄνων οἱ μὲν χρυσᾶς, οἱ δὲ ἀργυρᾶς προμετωπίδας καὶ σκευασίας εἶχον. [f] μετὰ δὲ τούτους ἐλεφάντων ἅρματα ἀφείθη εἴκοσι τέτταρα καὶ συνωρίδες τράγων ἑξήκοντα, κόλων δεκαδύο, ὀρύγων ἑπτά, βουβάλων δεκαπέντε, στρουθῶν συνωρίδες ὀκτώ, ὀνελάφων ἑπτά, καὶ συνωρίδες δ᾽ ὄνων ἀγρίων, ἅρματα τέσσαρα. ἐπὶ δὲ πάντων τούτων ἀνεβεβήκει παιδάρια χιτῶνας ἔχοντα ἡνιοχικοὺς καὶ πετάσους. παρανεβεβήκει δὲ παιδισκάρια διεσκευασμένα πελταρίοις καὶ θυρσολόγχοις, κεκοσμημένα ἱματίοις καὶ χρυσίοις. ἐστεφάνωτο δὲ τὰ μὲν ἡνιοχοῦντα παιδάρια πίτυι, τὰ δὲ παιδισκάρια κισσῷ. ἐπῇσαν δὲ καὶ συνωρίδες καμήλων ἕξ, ἐξ ἑκατέρου μέρους τρεῖς· αἷς ἐπηκολούθουν ἀπῆναι ὑφ᾽ ἡμιόνων ἀγόμεναι. αὗται δ᾽ εἶχον σκηνὰς βαρ- [201] [a] βαρικάς, ὑφ᾽ ὧν ἐκάθηντο γυναῖκες Ἰνδαὶ καὶ ἕτεραι κεκοσμημέναι ὡς αἰχμάλωτοι. κάμηλοι δ᾽ αἱ μὲν ἔφερον λιβανωτοῦ μνᾶς τριακοσίας, σμύρνης τριακοσίας, κρόκου καὶ κασίας καὶ κινναμώμου καὶ ἴριδος καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἀρωμάτων διακοσίας. ἐχόμενοι τούτων ἦσαν Αἰθίοπες δωροφόροι, ὧν οἱ μὲν ἔφερον ὀδόντας ἑξακοσίους, ἕτεροι δὲ ἐβένου κορμοὺς δισχιλίους, ἄλλοι χρυσίου καὶ ἀργυρίου κρατῆρας ἑξήκοντα καὶ ψήγματα [b] χρυσοῦ. μεθ᾽ οὓς ἐπόμπευσαν κυνηγοὶ β᾽ ἔχοντες σιβύνας ἐπιχρύσους. ἤγοντο δὲ καὶ κύνες δισχίλιοι τετρακόσιοι, οἱ μὲν Ἰνδοί, οἱ λοιποὶ δὲ Ὑρκανοὶ καὶ Μολοσσοὶ καὶ ἑτέρων γενῶν. ἑξῆς ἄνδρες ἑκατὸν πεντήκοντα φέροντες δένδρα, ἐξ ὧν ἀνήρτητο θηρία παντοδαπὰ καὶ ὄρνεα. εἶτ᾽ ἐφέροντο ἐν ἀγγείοις ψιττακοὶ καὶ ταῲ καὶ μελεαγρίδες καὶ φασιανοὶ ὄρνιθες καὶ ἄλλοι Αἰθιοπικοί, πλήθει πολλοί.” Εἰπὼν δὲ καὶ ἄλλα πλεῖστα καὶ καταλέξας ζῴων ἀγέλας ἐπιφέρει· “πρόβατα Αἰθιοπικὰ ἑκατὸν [c] τριάκοντα, Ἀράβια τριακόσια, Εὐβοικὰ εἴκοσι, καὶ ὁλόλευκοι βόες Ἰνδικοὶ εἴκοσι ἕξ, Αἰθιοπικοὶ ὀκτώ, ἄρκτος λευκὴ μεγάλη μία, παρδάλεις ιδ᾽, πάνθηροι ισ᾽, λυγκία δ᾽, ἄρκηλοι γ᾽, καμηλοπάρδαλις μία, ῥινόκερως Αἰθιοπικὸς α᾽. ἑξῆς ἐπὶ τετρακύκλου Διόνυσος ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς Ῥέας βωμὸν καταπεφευγὼς ὅτε ὑπὸ Ἥρας ἐδιώκετο, στέφανον ἔχων χρυσοῦν, Πριάπου αὐτῷ παρεστῶτος ἐστεφανωμένου χρυσῷ κισσίνῳ. τὸ δὲ τῆς Ἥρας ἄγαλμα [d] στεφάνην εἶχε χρυσῆν. Ἀλεξάνδρου δὲ καὶ Πτολεμαίου ἀγάλματα ἐστεφανωμένα στεφάνοις κισσίνοις ἐκ χρυσοῦ. τὸ δὲ τῆς Ἀρετῆς ἄγαλμα τὸ παρεστὸς τῷ Πτολεμαίῳ στέφανον εἶχεν ἐλαίας χρυσοῦν. καὶ Πρίαπος δ᾽ αὐτοῖς συμπαρῆν ἔχων στέφανον κίσσινον ἐκ χρυσοῦ. Κόρινθος δ᾽ ἡ πόλις παρεστῶσα τῷ Πτολεμαίῳ ἐστεφάνωτο διαδήματι χρυσῷ. παρέκειντο δὲ πᾶσι τούτοις κυλικεῖον μεστὸν χρυσωμάτων κρατήρ τε χρυσοῦς μετρητῶν πέντε. τῇ δὲ τετρακύκλῳ ταύτῃ ἠκολούθουν [e] γυναῖκες ἔχουσαι ἱμάτια πολυτελῆ καὶ κόσμον· προσηγορεύοντο δὲ πόλεις, αἵ τε ἀπ᾽ Ἰωνίας καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ Ἑλληνίδες ὅσαι τὴν Ἀσίαν καὶ τὰς νήσους κατοικοῦσαι ὑπὸ τοὺς Πέρσας ἐτάχθησαν· ἐφόρουν δὲ πᾶσαι στεφάνους χρυσοῦς. ἐφέρετο καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἄλλων τετρακύκλων θύρσος ἐνενηκοντάπηχυς χρυσοῦς καὶ λόγχη ἀργυρᾶ ἑξηκοντάπηχυς καὶ ἐν ἄλλῃ φαλλὸς χρυσοῦς πηχῶν ρκ᾽ διαγεγραμμένος καὶ διαδεδεμένος στέμμασι διαχρύσοις, ἔχων ἐπ᾽ ἄκρου ἀστέρα χρυσοῦν, οὗ ἦν ἡ περίμετρος πηχῶν σ᾽.” Πολλῶν οὖν καὶ ποικίλῶν εἰρημένων ἐν ταῖς [f] πομπαῖς ταύταις μόνα ἐξελεξάμεθα ἐν οἷς ἦν χρυσὸς καὶ ἄργυρος. καὶ γὰρ διαθέσεις πολλαὶ ἀκοῆς ἦσαν ἄξιαι καὶ θηρίων πλήθη καὶ ἵππων καὶ λέοντες παμμεγέθεις εἴκοσι καὶ τέσσαρες. “ἦσαν δὲ καὶ ἄλλαι τετράκυκλοι οὐ μόνον εἰκόνας βασιλέων φέρουσαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ θεῶν πολλαί. μεθ᾽ ἃς χορὸς ἐπόμπευσεν ἀνδρῶν ἑξακοσίων· ἐν οἷς κιθαρισταὶ συνεφώνουν τριακόσιοι, ἐπιχρύσους ἔχοντες [202] [a] ὅλας κιθάρας καὶ στεφάνους χρυσοῦς. μεθ᾽ οὓς ταῦροι διῆλθον δισχίλιοι ὁμοιοχρώματοι χρυσόκερῳ, προμετωπίδας χρυσᾶς καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον στεφάνους ὅρμους τε καὶ αἰγίδας πρὸ τῶν στηθῶν ἔχοντες· ἦν δ᾽ ἅπαντα ταῦτα χρυσᾶ, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Διὸς ἤγετο πομπὴ καὶ ἄλλων παμπόλλων θεῶν καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσιν Ἀλεξάνδρου, ὃς ἐφ᾽ ἅρματος ἐλεφάντων ἀληθινῶν ἐφέρετο χρυσοῦς, Νίκην καὶ Ἀθηνᾶν ἐξ ἑκατέρου μέρους ἔχων. ἐπόμπευσαν δὲ καὶ θρόνοι πολλοὶ ἐξ ἐλέφαντος καὶ χρυσοῦ [b] κατεσκευασμένοι· ὧν ἐφ᾽ ἑνὸς μὲν ἔκειτο στεφάνη χρυσῆ, ἐπ᾽ ἄλλου δὲ κέρας χρυσοῦν, ἐπ᾽ ἄλλου δὲ ἦν στέφανος χρυσοῦς, καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἄλλου δὲ κέρας ὁλόχρυσον. ἐπὶ δὲ τὸν Πτολεμαίου τοῦ Σωτῆρος θρόνον στέφανος ἐπέκειτο ἐκ μυρίων κατεσκευασμένος χρυσῶν. ἐπόμπευσε δὲ καὶ θυμιατήρια χρυσᾶ τριακόσια καὶ πεντήκοντα, καὶ βωμοὶ δὲ ἐπίχρυσοι ἐστεφανωμένοι χρυσοῖς στεφάνοις· ὧν ἑνὶ παρεπεπήγεσαν δᾷδες χρυσοῖ δεκαπήχεις τέσσαρες. ἐπόμπευσαν δὲ καὶ ἐσχάραι ἐπίχρυσοι β᾽, ὧν ἡ μὲν δωδεκάπηχυς τῇ περιμέτρῳ, τεσσαρακοντάπηχυς ὕψει, ἡ δὲ πηχῶν πεντεκαίδεκα. [c] ἐπόμπευσαν δὲ καὶ Δελφικοὶ τρίποδες χρυσοῖ ἐννέα ἐκ πηχῶν τεσσάρων, ἄλλοι ὀκτὼ πηχῶν ἕξ, ἄλλος πηχῶν τριάκοντα, ἐφ᾽ οὗ ἦν ζῷα χρυσᾶ πενταπήχη καὶ στέφανος κύκλῳ χρυσοῦς ἀμπέλινος. παρῆλθαν δὲ καὶ φοίνικες ἐπίχρυσοι ὀκταπήχεις ἑπτὰ καὶ κηρύκειον ἐπίχρυσον πηχῶν τεσσαράκοντα πέντε καὶ κεραυνὸς ἐπίχρυσος πηχῶν τεσσαράκοντα ναός τε ἐπίχρυσος, οὗ ἡ περίμετρος πηχῶν μ᾽· δίκερας πρὸς τούτοις ὀκτάπηχυ. πολὺ δὲ καὶ ζῴων πλῆθος ἐπιχρύσων συνεπόμπευεν, ὧν ἦν τὰ [d] πολλὰ δωδεκαπήχη· καὶ θηρία ὑπεράγοντα τοῖς μεγέθεσι καὶ ἀετοὶ πηχῶν εἴκοσι. στέφανοί τε χρυσοῖ ἐπόμπευσαν τρισχίλιοι διακόσιοι, ἕτερός τε μυστικὸς χρυσοῦς λίθοις πολυτελέσι κεκοσμημένος ὀγδοηκοντάπηχυς· οὗτος δὲ περιετίθετο τῷ τοῦ Βερενικείου θυρώματι· αἰγίς τε ὁμοίως χρυσῆ. ἐπόμπευσαν δὲ καὶ στεφάναι χρυσοῖ πάνυ πολλαί, ἃς ἔφερον παιδίσκαι πολυτελῶς κεκοσμημέναι· ὧν μία δίπηχυς εἰς ὕψος, τὴν δὲ περίμετρον ἔχουσα ἑκκαίδεκα πηχῶν. ἐπόμπευσε δὲ καὶ θώραξ [e] χρυσοῦς πηχῶν δώδεκα καὶ ἕτερος ἀργυροῦς πηχῶν ιη᾽, ἔχων ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ κεραυνοὺς χρυσοῦς δεκαπήχεις δύο καὶ στέφανον δρυὸς διάλιθον. ἀσπίδες χρυσοῖ εἴκοσι, πανοπλίαι χρυσοῖ ξδ᾽, κνημῖδες χρυσοῖ τριπήχεις β᾽, λεκάναι χρυσοῖ δεκαδύο, φιάλαι πολλαὶ πάνυ τὸν ἀριθμόν, οἰνοχόαι τριάκοντα, ἐξάλειπτρα μεγάλα δέκα, ὑδρίαι δεκαδύο, μαζονόμια πεντήκοντα, τράπεζαι διάφοροι, κυλικεῖα [f] χρυσωμάτων πέντε, κέρας ὁλόχρυσον πηχῶν λ᾽. ταῦτα δὲ τὰ χρυσώματα ἐκτὸς ἦν τῶν ἐν τῇ τοῦ Διονύσου πομπῇ διενεχθέντων. εἶτ᾽ ἀργυρωμάτων ἅμαξαι τετρακόσιοι καὶ χρυσωμάτων εἴκοσι, ἀρωμάτων δὲ ὀκτακόσιαι. ἐπὶ δὲ πᾶσιν ἐπόμπευσαν αἱ δυνάμεις αἱ ἱππικοὶ καὶ πεζικαί, πᾶσαι καθωπλισμέναι θαυμασίως. πεζοὶ μὲν εἰς πέντε [203] [a] μυριάδας καὶ ἑπτακισχιλίους καὶ ἑξακοσίους, ἱππεῖς δὲ δισμύριοι τρισχίλιοι διακόσιοι. πάντες δ᾽ οὗτοι ἐπόμπευσαν τὴν ἁρμόζουσαν ἑκάστῳ ἠμφιεσμένοι στολὴν καὶ τὰς προσηκούσας ἔχοντες πανοπλίας. ἐκτὸς δ᾽ ὧν πάντες οὗτοι εἶχον πανοπλιῶν καὶ ἄλλαι πλεῖστοι ἦσαν ἀποκείμενοι, ὧν οὐδὲ τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἀναγράψαι ῥᾴδιον.” κατέλεξε δ᾽ αὐτὸν ὁ Καλλίξεινος. “ἐστεφανώθησαν δ᾽ ἐν τῷ ἀγῶνι καὶ στεφάνοις χρυσοῖς εἰκόσι· Πτολεμαῖος δὲ ὁ πρῶτος καὶ Βερενίκη εἰκόσι τρισὶν ἐφ᾽ ἁρμάτων χρυσῶν καὶ τεμένεσιν ἐν Δωδώνῃ. καὶ ἐγένετο τὸ δαπάνημα τοῦ νομί- [b] σματος τάλαντα δισχίλια διακόσια τριάκοντα ἐννέα, μναῖ πεντήκοντα· καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἠριθμήθη πάντα τοῖς οἰκονόμοις διὰ τὴν τῶν στεφανούντων προθυμίαν πρὸ τοῦ τὰς θέας παρελθεῖν. ὁ δὲ Φιλάδελφος Πτολεμαῖος υἱὸς αὐτῶν εἰκόσι χρυσαῖς δυσὶ μὲν ἐφ᾽ ἁρμάτων χρυσῶν, ἐπὶ δὲ κιόνων ἑξαπήχει μιᾷ, πενταπήχεσι πέντε, τετραπήχεσι ἕξ.” Ποία, ἄνδρες δαιτυμόνες, βασιλεία οὕτως γέγονε πολύχρυσος; οὐ γὰρ τὰ ἐκ Περσῶν καὶ [c] Βαβυλῶνος λαβοῦσα χρήματα ἢ μέταλλα ἐργασαμένη ἢ Πακτωλὸν ἔχουσα χρυσοῦ ψῆγμα καταφέροντα. μόνος γὰρ ὡς ἀληθῶς ὁ χρυσορόας καλούμενος Νεῖλος μετὰ τροφῶν ἀφθόνων καὶ χρυσὸν ἀκίβδηλον καταφέρει ἀκινδύνως γεωργούμενον, ὡς πᾶσιν ἐξαρκεῖν ἀνθρώποις, δίκην Τριπτολέμου πεμπόμενον εἰς πᾶσαν γῆν. διόπερ αὐτὸν καὶ ὁ Βυζάντιος ποιητὴς Παρμένων ἐπικαλούμενος “Αἰγύπτιε Ζεῦ, φησί, Νεῖλε.” πολλῶν δὲ ὁ Φιλάδελφος βασιλέων πλούτῳ διέφερε καὶ περὶ πάντα ἐσπουδάκει τὰ κατασκευάσματα φιλοτίμως, |
| TRANSLATION Rice 1983, 9-25 (197C-203B). Since we have considered the subject of the pavilion in detail, we will also describe the Grand Procession. It was led through the city stadium. First of all marched the sectional procession of the Morning Star, because the Grand Procession began at the time when that aforementioned star appeared. Next came the sectional procession named after the parents of the kings. After these processions came those of all the gods, having the attributes which were appropriate to the traditions of each of them. It happened that the procession of the Evening Star came last of all, since the season brought the time of day to the point when that star appeared. If anyone wishes to know the details of all of these processions, let him take and study the records of the Penteteric festivals. In the procession of Dionysus, Silenoi were sent forth first to restrain the crowds; some of them wore purple cloaks, others crimson ones. Satyrs followed them, twenty along each part of the stadium, carrying gilded torches of ivy leaves. After them came Nikai with golden wings; they carried thymiateria nine feet tall which were adorned with gilded ivy leaves. The women had on chitons embroidered with figures, and wore much gold jewelry. A double altar nine feet long followed them, thickly covered with gilded ivy foliage and having a golden crown of vine leaves which was entwined with white-striped ribbons. Boys in purple chitons followed it, carrying frankincense and myrrh and also saffron on 120 golden trenchers. After them came forty Satyrs crowned with golden ivy crowns; the bodies of some of them were smeared with purple dye, others with vermilion and other colours. They carried a gold crown made of vine and ivy. After them came two Silenoi in purple cloaks and white sandals, one of them had a petasos and a golden herald’s staff, and the other a trumpet. Between them walked a taller man, six feet tall, in a tragic costume and mask, who carried the golden horn of Amaltheia. He was called Eniautos. A very beautiful woman of the same height followed him, adorned with much gold jewelry and a magnificent (costume); in one hand she carried a crown of persea, in the other a palm branch. She was called Penteteris. Four Horai followed her, elaborately dressed and each carrying her own fruits. Following them were two golden thymiateria of ivy, nine feet tall, and between them was a square altar of gold. Once again came Satyrs, having golden ivy crowns and dressed in scarlet; some of them carried a golden oinochoe, and others a karchesion. After them marched the poet Philikos, who was the priest of Dionysus, and all the Guild of the Artists of Dionysus. Delphic tripods were carried right after them as prizes for the choregoi of the flautists. The one for the choregos of the boys’ class was 13 1/2 feet tall, and the one for the choregos of the men was 18 feet tall. After them a four-wheeled cart, 21 feet long by 12 feet wide, was drawn by 180 men. In it was a fifteen-foot statue of Dionysus pouring a libation from a golden karchesion. He wore a purple chiton reaching to his feet and a transparent, saffron-coloured robe on top of that. The statue also wore a purple himation woven with gold. Before the figure lay a golden Laconian krater of fifteen measures, and also a three-legged, golden table on which lay a golden thymiaterion and two gold phialai full of cassia and saffron. The statue was covered by a canopy decorated with ivy, vine, and other fruits, and fastened to it were crowns, fillets, thyrsoi, drums, headbands, and satyric, comic, and tragic masks. There (followed) behind the cart priests, priestesses, many different thiasoi, and female Bassarai, and Lydai, who had hair streaming loose and were crowned, some with snakes, others with smilax, vine, and ivy. Some of them held daggers in their hands, others snakes. After them a four-wheeled cart was led along by sixty men … 12 feet wide, on which there was a seated statue of Nysa twelve feet tall, wearing a yellow chiton woven with gold thread, and wrapped in a Laconian himation. This statue stood up mechanically without anyone laying a hand on it, and it sat back down again after pouring a libation of milk from a gold phiale. It held in its left hand a thyrsos bound with fillets. The figure was crowned with golden ivy leaves and with grapes made of very precious jewels. The statue had a canopy, and four gilded torches were fastened to the corners of the cart. Next, another four-wheeled cart, 30 feet long by 24 feet wide, was pulled by 300 men, on which there was set up a wine-press 36 feet long by 22 1/2 feet wide, full of ripe grapes. Sixty Satyrs trampled them as they sang a vintage song to the flute, and a Silenos superintended them. The grape juice flowed through the whole street. Next there came a four-wheeled cart, 37 1/2 feet long by 21 feet wide, which was pulled by 600 men. On it was an askos made of leopard skins which held 3,000 measures. As the wine was released little by little, it also flowed over the whole street. One hundred and twenty crowned Satyrs and Silenoi followed it, some carrying oinochoai, others phialai, and others large therikleioi—all of gold. Next a silver krater holding 600 measures was led along on a four-wheeled cart drawn by 600 men. Under the rim and handles and on the foot it had figures of chased metal, and it was wreathed in the middle with a gold crown studded with jewels. Next were carried two silver cup-stands, 18 feet by 9 feet. These had finial ornaments on top, and around their curving sides and on their feet they had figures 2 1/4 and 1 1/2 feet tall, many in number. There were ten large basins and sixteen kraters, of which the larger ones held thirty measures, and the smallest, five measures. Next there Were six cauldrons, twenty-four banotoi, all on stands, and two silver wine-presses on which were twenty-four bikoi, a solid silver table 18 feet long, and thirty others 9 feet long. In addition to these were four threelegged tables, of which one, being plated in silver all over, had a circumference of 24 feet, while the three other smaller ones were encrusted with jewels in the middle. After these were carried Delphic tripods of silver, eighty in number, smaller than those mentioned before, whose angles … of four measures, twenty-six hydriae, sixteen Panathenaic amphorae, and 160 psykters. The largest of these held six measures, and the smallest two. All of these vessels were silver. Right after these marched those carrying the gold plate, four Laconian kraters with crowns of vine … holding four measures, two others of Corinthian workmanship on stands. (These had figures in the round of beaten metal on their upper part, and on the necks and bellies carefully executed figures in low relief. Each of them held eight measures.) Then there appeared a wine-press, on which were ten bikoi, two bowls each of five measures, two Laconian cups of two measures, twenty-two psykters, of which the largest held thirty measures, and the smallest one measure. Next in the procession were four large three-legged tables of gold, and a golden jewel-encrusted chest for gold objects, 15 feet high, which had six shelves holding carefully made figures four spans high, many in number; two cup-stands, two gilded glass vessels, two golden stands for vessels which were six feet high and three smaller ones, ten hydriai, an altar of 4 1/2 feet, and twenty-five trenchers. After these marched 1,600 boys wearing white chitons, some wreathed in ivy, others with pine; 250 of them had golden choes, 400 had silver choes, and 320 others carried gold psykters, others silver ones. After these boys, other boys carried jars to be used for sweet wine, of which twenty were gold, fifty were silver, and 300 were decorated with encaustic painting in many colours. And when the liquid was mixed in hydriai and pithoi, all those in the stadium received their due portion of sweet wine. After these things he told at length of six-foot long tables on which the many tableaux, extravagantly arranged and worthy of view, were led around; among these was the Chamber of Semele, in which some figures wore chitons which were embroidered with gold and set with gems of the highest value. It would not be right to pass over the four-wheeled cart, 33 feet long by 21 feet wide, drawn by 500 men, on which there was a deep cave profusely shaded with ivy and yew. All along the route there flew out from it pigeons, ring-doves, and turtle-doves whose feet were fastened with ribbons so that they could be easily caught by the spectators. Two springs gushed forth from the cave, one of milk and one of wine. All the Nymphs round about him had golden crowns, and Hermes had a golden herald’s staff, and very rich clothing. On another four-wheeled cart, which contained the “Return of Dionysus from India”, an 18-foot statue of Dionysus, having a purple cloak and a golden crown of ivy and vine, lay upon an elephant. He held in his hands a golden thyrsos-lance, and his feet were shod with felt slippers embroidered with gold. In front of him on the neck of the elephant there sat a young Satyr seven feet tall, wreathed with a golden crown of pine, signalling with a golden goat-horn in his right hand. The elephant had gold trappings and a golden ivy crown about its neck. Five hundred little girls followed him, dressed in purple chitons and golden girdles. The first 120 girls were wreathed with golden pine crowns. One hundred and twenty Satyrs followed them, some wearing silver armour, others bronze. After them marched five troops of asses on which rode crowned Silenoi and Satyrs. Some of the asses had frontlets and harnesses of gold, others of silver. After them marched twenty-four elephant quadrigae, sixty bigae of goats, twelve of saiga antelopes, seven of oryxes, fifteen of hartebeest, eight bigae of ostriches, seven of onelaphoi, four bigae of onagers, and four quadrigae of horses. Little boys were mounted on all of these, wearing the chitons of charioteers and petasoi: beside them were mounted little girls wearing himatia woven with gold, and armed with light shields and thyrsos-lances. The boy chationes were crowned with pine, and the girls with ivy. In addition to these, there were six bigae of camels, three on either side, which were followed by carts drawn by mules. These contained foreign tents under which sat Indian women and others dressed as prisoners. More camels carried 300 minae of frankincense, 300 of myrrh, and 200 of saffron, cassia, cinnamon, orris, and other spices. Ethiopian tribute-bearers followed right after them; some of them carried 600 elephant tusks, others 2,000 logs of ebony, and others sixty kraters full of pieces of gold and silver and gold dust. After them came two kynegoi with gilded hunting spears. Two thousand four hundred dogs were also led along, some Indian, the others Hyrcanian, Molossian, and other breeds. Right after them came 150 men carrying trees from which were suspended different kinds of animals and birds. Then there were borne along in cages parrots, peacocks, guinea fowl, pheasants, and Ethiopian birds, many in number. Telling also of many other things, and enumerating herds of animals, he included, One hundred and thirty Ethiopian, three hundred Arabian, and twenty Euboean sheep, twenty-six all-white Indian cows plus twenty Ethiopian ones, one large white bear, fourteen leopards, sixteen cheetahs, four caracals, three cheetah cubs, one giraffe, and one Ethiopian rhinoceros. Next in a four-wheeled cart appeared Dionysus, having fled to the Altar of Rhea when he was pursued by Hera; Dionysus had a golden crown, and Priapus stood beside him crowned with a golden ivy crown. The statue of Hera had a golden stephane. … statues of Alexander and Ptolemy wreathed with ivy crowns of gold. The statue of Arete beside Ptolemy had a golden crown of olive. Priapus, having an ivy crown of gold, was also present with them. The city of Corinth standing of Corinth standing by Ptolemy was crowned with a golden diadem. Adjacent to all these figures were a cup-stand full of gold vessels and a golden krater of five measures. This cart was followed by women wearing very costly himatia and jewelry. They were called by the names of cities of Ionia and the rest of the Greek cities which, situated in Asia and the Islands, had been subdued by the Persians. All wore golden crowns. There were carried in other carts a golden thyrsus which was 135 feet long, and a ninety-foot long silver spear. In another cart was borne a golden phallos, measuring 180 feet in length, painted all over and bound with golden fillets, having at the end a gold star whose circumference was 9 feet. Although many and various things have been said about these processions, we have chosen only those things in them which were silver and gold. For there were also many representations worthy of report, and a great number of beasts and horses, and twenty-four extremely large lions. There were also other four-wheeled carts carrying statues not only of kings, but also many of gods. After them a chorus of 600 men marched in procession, among whom were 300 kitharistai playing in concert, who had kitharas gilded all over and gold crowns. After them came 2,000 golden-horned bulls all of the same colour, having golden frontlets and crowns in the middle, and necklaces and aegises on their chests. All of this was of gold. And after these things came the processions of Zeus and of all the other gods, and after all of them, the procession of Alexander, whose golden statue was borne upon a quadriga of real elephants with Nike and Athena on either side. In the procession were also led along many thrones constructed from ivory and gold; on one of these lay a golden stephané, on another a gold horn, on another a golden crown, and on still another a horn of pure gold. On the throne of Ptolemy Soter lay a crown made from 10,000 pieces of gold. There also appeared in the procession 350 golden thymiateria, and gilded altars crowned with gold crowns. Four torches fifteen feet long were affixed to one of them. In the procession were also two gilded escharai, of which one was 18 feet in circumference, and 60 feet in height, while the other measured 22 1/2 feet. Golden Delphic tripods also appeared in the procession; nine of them were 6 feet tall, eight others 9 feet tall, and one other, 45 feet tall, on which there were golden figures 7 1/2 feet high and a golden vine wreath which encircled it. There passed by seven gilded palm trees 12 feet high, a gilded herald’s staff 67 1/2 feet long, a gilded thunderbolt 60 feet long, and a gilded shrine whose circumference was 60 feet. In addition to all of these was a dikeras 12 feet tall. A very great number of gilded figures appeared in the procession along with everything else, of which many were 18 feet high. There were also beasts of an extraordinary size, and eagles 30 feet high. Golden crowns, numbering 3,200, also appeared in the procession, and one other mystic crown of gold, decorated with very precious jewels and measuring 120 feet. This crown was put around the door of the Berenikeion. There was likewise a golden aegis. Very many golden stephanai also appeared in the procession, which richly dressed little girls carried; one of these was 3 feet tall and had a circumference of 24 feet. Also in the procession was a golden breastplate 18 feet long and another silver one 27 feet long which had on it two golden thunderbolts 15 feet long and an oak crown studded with jewels. There were twenty gold shields, sixty-four golden panoplies, two golden greaves 4 ½ feet in length, twelve golden dishes, a very large number of phialai, thirty oinochoai, ten large unguent-boxes, twelve hydriai, fifty trenchers, various tables, five cup-stands for gold vessels, and a pure gold horn 45 feet long. This gold plate was in addition to that carried in the procession of Dionysus. Then there were 400 cartloads of silver plate, 20 of gold, and 800 of spices. At the very end, the infantry and cavalry forces marched in procession, all of them fully armed in a marvellous fashion. The foot numbered 57,600, and the horse 23,200. All these marched along dressed in the uniform appropriate to each, and having the proper panoply. Besides the armour worn by all these troops, there were also many other panoplies kept in reserve, whose number is not easy to record, but Kallixeinos gave the full count. In the competition they were crowned with twenty gold crowns. Ptolemy I and Berenike <were honoured> with three statues in golden chariots and with precincts in Dodona. And the cost in coin was 2,239 talents and 50 minae; all this was counted out by the oikonomoi before the spectacle was over through the eagerness of those giving the crowns. Their son Ptolemy Philadelphus <was honoured> with two golden statues on golden chariots, and with others on columns, one of 9 feet, five of 7 ½, and sex of 6 feet. |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY Bell, A. (2004). Spectacular Power in the Greek and Roman City. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 120-134. Bömmer, (1952) RE, s.v. Pompa, Vol. XXI.2, 1954, n. 196. Bömmer, (1952) RE, s.v. Ptolemaia, Vol. XXIII, 1578-1590, sp. 1579. Caneva, S. (2010). “Linguaggi della festa e linguaggi del potere ad Alessandria, nella Grande Processione di Tolemeo Filadelfo”. In: E. Bona and M. Curnis, eds., Linguaggi del potere, poteri del linguaggio. Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso, 173-189. Caneva, S. G. (2016). “Short notes on 3rd-Century Ptolemaic royal formulae and festivals”. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 200: 207-214. Caspari, F. (1933). “Studien zu dem Kallixeinosfragment Athenaios 5, 197c-203 b”. Hermes 68(4): 400-414. Coarelli, F. (1990). “La pompé di Tolomeo Filadelfo e il mosaico miotico di Palestrina”. Ktèma 15: 225-251. Dalby, A. (2012). “Celebrating Hellenism far from Hellas: feasts and festivals of Ptolemy II of Egypt”. In: M. McWilliams, ed., Celebration: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2011. Blackawton, Totnes, Devon: Prospect Books, 86-94. Dunand, F. (1981). “Fête et propagande à Alexandrie sous les Lagides”. In: La fête, pratique et discours. D’Alexandrie hellénistique à la mission de Besançon. Besançon: Université de Franche-Comté, 13-40. Erskine, A. (2013). “Hellenistic parades and Roman triumphs”. In: A. Spalinger and J. Armstrong, eds., Rituals of Triumph in the Mediterranean World. Leiden: Brill, 37–55. Foertmeyer, V. (1988). “The dating of the pompe of Ptolemy II Philadelphus”. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 37(1): 90-104. Goyette, M. (2010): “Ptolemy II Philadelphus and the Dionysiac Model of Political Authority”. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 2(1): 1-13. Gulick, C. B. (1928). Athenaeus. The Deipnosophists. London: Willian Heinemann Ltd (Athen. Deipn. 196A-203C = Calixenus of Rhodes FGrH 627 fr.2.). Hazzard, R. A. (2000). Imagination of a Monarchy: Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 59-79. Hölbl, G. (2001). A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London-New York: Routledge, 39-40, 290. Hölscher, T. (2000). “Philadelphus procession”. In: L. Mooren, ed., Politics, Administration and Society in the Hellenistic and Roman World. Proceedings of the International Colloquium, Bertinoro 19-24 July 1997. Leuven: Peeters, 365-388. Jacoby, F. (1923). Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker. Kallixeinos von Rhodos fr. 2, n. 627. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. Johstono, P. (2018). “The Grand Procession, Galatersieg, and Ptolemaic Kingship”. In: T. Howe and F. Pownall, eds., Ancient Macedonians in Greek and Roman Sources: From History to Historiography. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 181–199. Keyser, P. T. (2016). “Venus and Mercury in the grand procession of Ptolemy II”. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 65(1): 31–52. Rice, E. E. (1983). The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rodríguez Noriega Guillén, L., trans., (1998). Ateneo. Banquete de los eruditos. Vol. 3. Libros III-V. Madrid: Biblioteca Clásica Gredos. Thompson, D. J. (2000). “‘Philadelphus’ procession: dynastic power in a Mediterranean context’”. In: L. Mooren, ed., Politics, Administration and Society in the Hellenistic and Roman World. Proceedings of the International Colloquium, Bertinoro 19-24 July 1997. Leuven: Peeters, 365–388. Walbank, F. W. (1996). “Two Hellenistic processions: a matter of self-definition”. Scripta Classica Israelica 15: 119-130. Wikander, C. (1992): “Pomp and circumstance: the procession of Ptolemaios II.” Opuscula Atheniensia 19: 143–150. Yonge, C. D., trans., (1854). Athenaeus of Naucratis. Deipnosophistae, 3 vol. London: Henry G. Bohn. |
Lysimachus’ pompe in Priene
Lysimachus’ pompe in Priene
| TITLE: |
| Lysimachus’ pompe in Priene |
| DATE: |
| c. 285 BC |
| TEXT: |
| OGIS 11 = I.Priene 14 |
| EDITIONS/TRANSLATIONS: |
| OGIS 11 = I.Priene 14 |
| KEYWORDS: |
| Word used to mean procession: |
| πομπή (l. 21, καὶ πομπ̣ὴ[ν π]έμπε[ιν) |
| Word used to mean the cult images: |
| ἄγαλμα (l. 15, καὶ] ἄγαλμα χαλκοῦν) βωμὸν (l. 17) |
| Gods or other entities named: |
| Description of the cult images: |
| A bronze statue of him (l. 15, ἄγαλμα χαλκοῦν) An altar both erected in the agora (l. 17, καὶ βωμὸν αὐ[τοῦ ἐν τῆι ἀγορᾶι) A [gold] crown of 1000 staters (l. 14-15, στεφά[ν]ωι [χρυσῶι] ἀπὸ χρυσῶν χιλίων) |
| Procession’s route: |
| Frequency with which the procession takes place: |
| Every year sacrifices on the king’s altar (l. 19, καθ’ ἕκασ]τον ἐνιαυτὸν) as well as every year took place the procession on the day of the king’s birthday (l. 22-23, τοῖς γενεθλίοις βασιλέως Λυσιμάχου) |
| Performers: |
| The priests and the colleges of magistrates and all the citizens (l. 21-22, πομπ̣ὴ[ν π]έμπε[ιν το]ύς τε ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς συναρχ[ίας] καὶ τοὺς πολίτας πά̣[ντας) |
| References to the public attending the procession: |
| All the citizens wearing garlands (l. 20, στεφαν̣ηφορεῖν [τ]ο̣[ὺ]ς̣ πολ̣ί[τ]α̣ς ἅπαν[τας]) |
| Rites related to the procession: |
| The priests and the priestesses of the city shall sacrifice on the altar every year (l. 18-20, καὶ θύειν καθ’ ἕκασ]τον ἐνιαυτὸν [τούς τε ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας τὰς κατὰ] τὴμ πόλιν); sacrifices on the day of the procession (l. 24, θύματα) |
| Allusions to conduct or forms of reverence: |
| Other remarkable elements: |
Lysimachos (l. 1, Βασιλεῖ [Λυσιμάχωι.], c. 360 BC – 281 BC), king of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedon since 306 BC, had intervened to protect the city of Priene from an attack by the city of Magnesia supported by the local population; in return, Priene then established a cult of Lysimachos |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY: |
| BÖMMER (1952), RE: s.v. Pompa. Herrscher, Vol. XXI.2, p. 1968, n.297 Helen, S. L. (2002): Lysimachus: a study in early Hellenistic kingship, Routledge, London Seres, D. (2017): “Dynamics of public memory in Hellenistic Priene: a case study”. In: Bajnok, Dániel (ed.), ALIA MISCELLANEA ANTIQUITATUM. Proceedings of the Second Croatian–Hungarian PhD Conference on Ancient History and Archaeology. Budapest-Debrecen, pp. 189–200 |
Trilingual decree of the priests gathered in Canopus in honour of Ptolemy III Euergetes and Berenice (2nd version)
Trilingual decree of the priests gathered in Canopus in honour of Ptolemy III Euergetes and Berenice (2nd version)
| TITLE: |
| Trilingual decree of the priests gathered in Canopus in honour of Ptolemy III Euergetes and Berenice (2nd version) |
| DATE: |
| March 7th, 238 BC |
| ACTUAL LOCATION: |
| The Cairo Museum (place of discovery: Memphis, Egypt) |
| LINK: |
| (1) |
| TEXT: |
BERNARD, A. (1992) : La prose sur pierre dans l’Égypte hellénistique et romaine, I. textes et traductions, Paris, pp. 29-35 DITTENBERG, W. (1903): Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae, Vol. 1, Leipzig, pp. 91-110 HEINEN, H. (2006): “Hunger, Not und Macht: Bemerkungen zur herrschenden Gesellschaft im ptolemäischen Ägypten”, Ancient Society 36, pp. 15-16 (partial edition) HICKS, E. L. (1882): Greek Historical Inscriptions,Oxford, pp. 310-311 (partial edition) LAUTH, Fr. J. (1866): “Entdeckung eines bilinguen Dekretes durch Lepsius”, ZÄS 4, pp. 33-34 (partial edition) MAHAFFY, J. P. (1895): The Empire of the Ptolemies, London,pp. 226-239 MILNE, J. G. (1905): Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire : Greek inscriptions, Oxford, pp. 5-8 PREISIGKE, F.; F. BILABEL; E. KIESSLING; H.-A. RUPPRECHT (1950): Sammelbuch Griechischer Urkunden aus Ägypten, Band 5, Nr. 7515-8963, Heidelberg, n. 8859 REINISCH, S. L.; E. R. Roesler (1866): Die Zweisprachige Inschrift von Tanis, Wien, pp. 27-53 WERSCHER, C. (1866): “Texte grec de l’inscription de Tanis”, Revue Archéologique 14,pp. 52-55 (partial edition) |
| EDITIONS/TRANSLATIONS: |
| REINISCH, S. L.; E. R. Roesler (1866): Die Zweisprachige Inschrift von Tanis, Wien, pp. 27-53 (in German) PIERRET, P. (1881): Le décret trilingue de Canope, Paris, pp. IX-XVI Wescher, C. (1866): “Texte grec de l’inscription de Tanis”, Revue Archéologique 14,pp. 52-55 (partial translation) BERNARD, A. (1992): La prose sur pierre dans l’Égypte hellénistique et romaine, I. textes et traductions, Paris, pp. 28-34 (translation in French) BRODERSEN, K.; W. Günther; H. H. Schmitt (1999): Historische griechische Inschriften in Übersetzung. III, Der griechische Osetn und Rom (250-1 v.Chr.), Darmstadt, pp. 14-19 (translation in German) PFEIFFER, S. (2004): Das Dekret von Kanopos (238 v. CHR), München, pp. 61-65 (translation in German) HEINEN, H. (2006): “Hunger Not und Macht: Bemerkungen zur herrschenden Gesellschaft im ptolemäischen Ägypten”, Ancient Society 36, pp. 16-17 (partial translation in German) |
| KEYWORDS: |
| Word used to mean procession: |
| περίπλους (ll. 56-57) |
| Word used to mean the cult images: |
| ἄγαλμα (l. 59) |
| Gods or other entities named: |
| Berenice (l. 57) |
| Description of the cult images: |
| The statue is made of gold and adorned with stones (l. 59); with a different tiara from the one on the statue of Berenice’s mother (ll. 61-62); with a scepter in the shape of papyrus (ll. 62-63) |
| Procession’s route: |
| To all the ἐξοδείαι and πανηγύρεις of the other gods (l. 60) |
| Frequency with which the procession takes place: |
| Performers: |
| ὁ προφήτης (l. 59) The priests in charge of dressing the statues (οἱ ἱερεῖς πρὸς τὸν στολισμὸν τῶν θεῶν ll. 59-60) |
| References to the public attending the procession: |
| Rites related to the procession: |
| Allusions to conduct or forms of reverence: |
| The statue is to be honored (τιμᾶται) and worshipped προσκυνῆται) by all under the name of Queen Berenice (l. 61) |
| Other remarkable elements: |
| The priests carry the statue in their arms (l. 60) |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY: |
HEINEN, H. (2006): “Hunger Not und Macht: Bemerkungen zur herrschenden Gesellschaft im ptolemäischen Ägypten”, Ancient Society 36, pp. 13-44 LEGRAS, B. (2004): “La réforme du calendrier sous Ptolémée III: l’avènement d’un « âge d’or » ?”. In: C. Auliard, L. Bodiou, Au jardin des Hespérides: histoire, société et épigraphie des mondes anciens: mélanges offerts à Alain Tranoy, Rennes, pp. 191-206 PFEIFFER, S. (2004): Das Dekret von Kanopos (238 v. CHR), München REINISCH, S. L.; E. R. Roesler (1866): Die Zweisprachige Inschrift von Tanis, Wien, pp. 11-25 |
Sulla’s funeral pompe
Sulla’s funeral pompe
| TITLE: |
| Sulla’s funeral pompe |
| DATE: |
| 78 BC |
| TEXT: |
| MENDELSSOHN, L. (1879-1881): Appiani Historia romana, Alterum Appian’s Roman History, vol. II, Bibliotheca Teubneriana,Lipsiae: App. BC 1.105-106 |
| EDITIONS/TRANSLATIONS: |
WHITE, H, H. (1899): The Roman history of Appian of Alexandria, vol II. The Civil Wars, The Macmillan Company, New York-London SANCHO ROYO, A. (1985): Apiano. Historia Romana II. Guerras Civiles, libros I-II. Gredos, Madrid |
| KEYWORDS: |
| Word used to mean procession: |
| ἐπὶ πομπῇ(App. BC 1.105:τῶν μὲν ἄγειν ἀξιούντων τὸ σῶμα διὰ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐπὶ πομπῇ,bring the remains of Sulla in a procession through Italy; App.BC 1.106) παραπομπήν (App. BC 1.105) |
| Words used to mean the cult images: |
| κλίνη (couch or bed where the corpse was carried, App. BC 1.105, ἐπὶ κλίνης χρυσηλάτου) λέχος (funeral litter, couch or bed, but it was usually employed for marriage, App. BC 1.106) |
| Gods or other entities named: |
| Description of the cult images: |
| “It would be impossible to describe all the splendid things contributed to this funeral” (App. BC 1.106, ἄλλη τε τῶν ἐς τῆν ταφὴν πεμφθέντων οὐ δυνατὴ φράσαι πολυτέλεια) |
| Procession’s route: |
| Funeral procession through different Italian cities (App. BC 1.105, διὰ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐπὶ πομπῇ) towards Rome, where the remains were borne through the streets (App. BC 1.106). Finally, the corpse was shown in the forum on the rostra (public funeral orations) and then members of the Senate took up the litter and carried it to the Campus Martius (τὸ Ἄρειον), where the army coursed around the funeral pile (App. BC 1.106) |
| Frequency with which the procession takes place: |
| Performers: |
| All the priests and priestesses escorted the remains, each in proper costume (App. BC 1.106, ἱερέες τε ἅμα πάντες καὶ ἱέρειαι, κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτῶν ἑκάτεροι) The entire Senate and the whole body of magistrates attended with their insignia of office (App. BC 1.106, καὶ ἡ βουλὴ πᾶσα καὶ αἱ ἀρχαί, τὰ σφέτερα σημεῖα ἐπικείμενοι) |
| References to the public attending the procession: |
Musicians and horsemen in great numbers went in advance and a great multitude of armed men followed on foot (App. BC 1.105, σαλπιγκταί τε πολλοὶ καὶ ἱππέες καὶ ἄλλος ὅμιλος ἐκ ποδὸς ὡπλισμένος εἵπετο) and each one was assigned his place in due order as he came (App. BC 1.105, ὡς ἕκαστος ἀφικνοῖτο, εὐθὺς ἐς κόσμον καθίσταντο) Unprecedented crowd from everywhere (App. BC 1.105, ἄλλο τε πλῆθος, ὅσον ἐπ᾽ οὐδενὶ ἔργῳ, συνέτρεχεν) In the city of Rome the procession was enormous (App. BC 1.106, μετὰ πομπῆς ἐνταῦθα δὴ μάλιστα ὑπερόγκου) A multitude of the Roman knights followed with their peculiar decorations, and, in their turn, all the legions that had fought under him (App. BC 1.106, κόσμῳ δ᾽ ἄλλῳ τὸ τῶν καλουμένων ἱππέων πλῆθος εἵπετο καὶ ὁ στρατὸς ἐν μέρει πᾶς, ὅσος ὑπεστράτευτο αὐτῷ) with gilded standards and silver-plated shields (App. BC 1.106, σημεῖά τε φέροντες ἐπίχρυσα καὶ ὅπλα ἐπὶ σφίσι περιάργυρα) Countless number of trumpeters (App. BC 1.106) |
| Rites related to the procession: |
Sulla’s remains were exhibited in the Roman forum and he was given a public funeral (App. BC 1.105, καὶ ἐς τὴν Ῥώμην ἐν ἀγορᾷ προτιθέναι καὶ ταφῆς δημοσίας ἀξιοῦν) |
| Allusions to conduct or forms of reverence: |
The musicians played lamentations and loud cries were raised and they were sung by the Senate, then by the knights, then by the soldiers, and finally by the rest of the people of the procession (App. BC 1.106, παρὰ μέρος ὑγρότατα καὶ πένθιμα μελῳδούντων. βοῇ δ᾽ ἐπευφήμουν) |
| Other remarkable elements: |
Cf. Bömmer 1952: “Eine Vermischung der griechischen Heroen-Pompe und der römischen Pompe funebris”.Sulla’s corpse was borne through Italy on a golden litter with royal splendor (App. BC 1.105, καὶ ἐφέρετο ὁ νέκυς ὁ τοῦ Σύλλα διὰ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐς τὸ ἄστυ ἐπὶ κλίνης χρυσηλάτου καὶ κόσμου βασιλικοῦ) The standards and the fasces (σημεῖα καὶ πελέκεις) that he had used while living and ruling were borne in the procession (App. BC 1.105) More than 2000 golden crowns, the gifts of cities, of the legions and of individual friends were carried in it (App. BC 1.106, στέφανοί τε γὰρ δισχιλίων πλείους ἀπὸ χρυσοῦ …, δῶρα τῶν πόλεων καὶ τῶν ὑπ᾽ αὐτῷ στρατευσαμένων τελῶν καὶ καθ᾽ ἕνα τῶν φίλων) |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY: |
BÖMMER (1952), RE: s.v. Pompa. Herrscher, vol. XXI.2, p. 1972, n.338 SUMI, G. S. (2002): “Spectacles and Sulla’s public image”, Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 51.4, pp. 414–432 |
Diodorus Pasparus’ pompe in Pergamon
Diodorus Pasparus’ pompe in Pergamon
| TITLE: |
| Diodorus Pasparus’ pompe in Pergamon |
| DATE: |
| c. 69 BC |
| TEXT: |
| OGIS 764 = MDAI(A) 32 (1907) 243, 4 |
| EDITIONS/TRANSLATIONS: |
OGIS 764 = MDAIA[A] 32.4, MDAIA[A] 35.2, IvP 2.256, MDAIA[A] 29.1, MDAIA[A] 32.8 CANALI DE ROSSI, F. (2006): Iscrizioni storiche ellenistiche. Decreti per ambasciatori greci al Senato (Vol. 3) nos. 190 & 191 (Italian) |
| KEYWORDS: |
| Word used to mean procession: |
πομπή (l. 43, στ̣[αλῆν]αι πομπὴν; l. 43, πομπευόντων, vb. πομπεύω) συμπομπεύω (l. 45, συμπομπευόν[των) |
| Word used to mean the cult images: |
ἄγαλμα (l. 26, ἀγάλματι; l. 32-33, τὸ ἄγαλμα σ[τή][λ]ην λίθου λευκοῦ; l. 42, εἰς ὃν ἀνατεθῆναι τὸ ἄγαλμα) εἰκόν (l. τῶν εἰκόνων ἢ τὸ ἄγαλμα, “the statues he wishes – or the marble statue”) |
| Gods or other entities named: |
| Zeus the Greatest (l. 30, Διὸς τοῦ μεγίσ[του]) |
| Description of the cult images: |
It was resolved by the decree to crown him with a golden crown for valour and with a gilded statue and two statues on horseback and another colossal statue of bronze, representing him being crowned by the people, and another statue of marble, all of them set up in the city temples (l. 24-26, καὶ στεφανῶσαι αὐτὸν χρυσῶι στεφάν[ωι ἀριστείωι καὶ ἰκόνι χρυσῆι καὶ ἄλληι ἐφίππωι καὶ ἄλλῃ χαλκῆι κολοσσικῆι στεφανου[μένηι ὑπὸ] τοῦ δήμου καὶ ἄλληι ἐφίππωι καὶ ἀγάλματι μαρμαρίνωι) The gilded statues were placed on marble pillars, and the bronze statues likewise on marble bases, and the marble statue in the shrine which was also constructed, with an inscription and the decree itself as well (l. 27-29, τῶν μὲν χρ[υσῶν ἐπὶ στυ]λίδων μαρμαρίνων, τῶν δὲ χαλκῶν ἐπὶ βημάτων ὁμοίως μαρμαρίνων, τοῦ δὲ ἀ[γάλ]ματος ἐν τῷ κατασκευασθησομένωι ναῶι, γενομένης ἑπιγραφῆς) |
| Procession’s route: |
From the prytaneion to his shrine / sacred precinct (temenos) (l. 43, ἐκ τοῦ πρυτανείου εἰς τὸ τέμενος αὐτοῦ) |
| Frequency with which the procession takes place: |
Every year (l. 49, καθ’ ἕκασ]τ̣ον ἐνιαυτὸν ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἡμέραι) on the day when the shrine was dedicated (l. 42-43, ἐν ᾗ δ’ ἄν ἡμέραι γίνηται ἡ καθιέρ[ωσις] αὐτοῦ στ̣[αλῆν]αι) |
| Performers: |
Diodorus and his children were followed by the prytaneis and the priests [a priest of himself, i.e. Diodorus (l. 38, αὐτοῦ καὶ ἱερέα)] The gymnasiarch with the deputy gymnasiarch and the ephebes and the paidonomoi (i.e. officials in Greek cities, responsible for the training of boys who were younger than ephebes) with the boys (l. 43-46, πομπευόντων [τοῦ τε]πρυτάν[εως καὶ] τ̣ῶ̣[ν ἱ]ε̣ρέων καὶ βασιλέων καὶ τοῦ γυμνασιάρχου μετὰ τοῦ ὑπο[γυμνασι] [άρχου καὶ τῶν ἐφήβων] καὶ τῶν παιδονόμων μετὰ τῶν παίδων, συμπομπευόν[των δὲ καὶ] [Διοδώρου μετὰ τ]ῶ̣ν παίδων) |
| References to the public attending the procession: |
| Rites related to the procession: |
| Allusions to conduct or forms of reverence: |
| Other remarkable elements: |
These inscriptions record exceptional ‘god-like’ honours voted to a citizen of Pergamon called Diodorus Pasparus, who was gymnasiarch at Pergamum during the 29th Nikephoria in 69 BC. And led a successful embassy to Rome which was honoured every eighth day of the month of Apollonios (l. 36, τὴν ὀγδόην τοῦ Ἀπολλωνίου μηνὸς), when Diodorus entered the city after the diplomatic mission. Diodorus was also honoured with a white marble shrine (l. 42, ναὸν λίθ̣[ου] λευκοῦ) |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY: |
BÖMMER (1952), RE: s.v. Pompa. Herrscher, Vol. XXI.2, p. 1967, n.287 BRENNAN, T. C. (2009): “Embassies gone wrong: roan diplomacy in the Constantinian Excerpta de legationibus”. In: “Diplomats and diplomacy in the Roman world”, Brill, Leiden / Boston, pp.171-174 CHANIOTIS, A., PLEKET, H.W., STROUD, R.S. and STRUBBE, J.H.M., “SEG 49-1770. Pergamon. The chronology of Diodoros Pasparos and the Nikephoria.”, in: Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Current editors: A. T. E. N. Chaniotis Corsten Stavrianopolou Papazarkadas. Consulted online on 11 November 2021 CHANKOWSKI, A. S. (1998): “La procédure législative à Pergame au Ier siècle au J.-C.: à propos de la chronologie relative des décrets en l’honneur de Diodoros Pasparos”, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 122.1, pp. 159-199 COUILLOUD-LE DINAHET, M.Th. (2005): “Les rituels funéraires en Asie Mineure et en Syrie à l’époque hellénistique (jusqu’au milieu du Ier siècle av. J.-C.)”. In: L’Orient méditerranéen de la mort d’Alexandre aux campagnes de Pompée. Cités et royaumes à l’époque hellénistique, Rennes, PUR, pp. 65-95 GENOVESE, C. (2011): “’Per eterna memoria e immortalità di un benefattore’. L’”Heroon” di Diodoro Pasparo a Pergamo”, in L. Campagna, C. Genovese, A. Filippini, L’evergetismo in Asia Minore (II sec. a.C. – III sec. d.C.). Modelli culturali, monumenti, risorse, dinamiche sociali, in Mediterraneo Antico 14, pp. 57-74 JONES, Ch. P. (1990): “Diodoros Pasparos revisited” Chiron 30, pp. 1-14 JONES, Ch. P. (1974): “Diodoros Pasparos and the Nikephoria of Pergamon”, Chiron 4, pp. 183-205 KOHL, M. (2002): “Das Nikephorien von Pergamon”, RA, pp. 227-253 |
Meeting (ὑπάντησις) of the Jewish High Priest with Alexander the Great in Jerusalem
Meeting (ὑπάντησις) of the Jewish High Priest with Alexander the Great in Jerusalem
| TITLE: |
| Meeting (ὑπάντησις) of the Jewish High Priest with Alexander the Great in Jerusalem |
| DATE: |
| c. 332 BC |
| TEXT: |
| NIESE, B. (1885-1890): Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae, 4 vol., Berolini:Ant. Iud. 11.329-339 |
| EDITIONS/TRANSLATIONS: |
| NIESE, B. (1885-1890): Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae, 4 vol., Berolini:Ant. Iud. 11.329-339 REINACH, T. (1900-1932): Oeuvres completes de Flavius Josèphe, 7 vol., Paris THACKERAY, H. ST. J. ; MARCUS, R. ; WIKGREN, A.; FELDMAN, L. H. (1926-1965) : Josephus, 9 vol., The Loeb Classical Library, London – Cambridge VARA DONADO, J. (1997): Flavio Josefo. Antigüedades Judías, Akal, Madrid |
| KEYWORDS: |
| Word used to mean procession: |
| ὑπάντησις (coming to meet, l. 329) |
| Word used to mean the cult images: |
| Gods or other entities named: |
| Alexander the Great (l. 329) The High Priest (l. 329) God (l. 331 and 334) |
| Description of the cult images: |
| Procession’s route: |
| Jerusalem to Saphein (l. 329: Σαφειν) |
| Frequency with which the procession takes place: |
| Once, at the arrival of Alexander the Great to Jerusalem |
| Performers: |
| μετὰ τῶν ἱερέων (priests, l. 329), τὸν δὲ ἀρχιερέα (the High Priest, l. 331) |
| References to the public attending the procession: |
| τοῦ πολιτικοῦ πλήθους (l. 329) |
| Rites related to the procession: |
| Jewish rite of sacrifice done by Alexander in the Temple of Jerusalem under the guidance of the High Priest (ἐπὶ τὸ ἱερὸν θύει μὲν τῷ θεῷ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως ὑφήγησιν, l. 337) |
| Allusions to conduct or forms of reverence: |
| ἱεροπρεπῆ καὶ διαφέρουσαν τῶν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν ποιούμενος (l. 329) |
| Other remarkable elements: |
| Clothing (color: white, linen, hyacinth/blueish; adornment: gold): ἐν ταῖς λευκαῖς ἐσθῆσιν, τοὺς δὲ ἱερεῖς προεστῶτας ἐν ταῖς βυσσίναις αὐτῶν, τὸν δὲ ἀρχιερέα ἐν τῇ ὑακινθίνῳ καὶ διαχρύσῳ στολῇ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἔχοντα τὴν κίδαριν καὶ τὸ χρυσοῦν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς ἔλασμα, ᾧ τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐγέγραπτο ὄνομα (l. 332) proskynesis of Alexander before God (l. 331-332, vd. l. 334) Alexander pays honor (δεξιωσάμενος) to the High priest (l. 337) |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY: |
| BÖMMER (1952), RE, s.v. Pompa. Herrscher, Vol. XXI.2, pp. 1973, n.344. RE, s.v. Alexandros, Vol. I, p. 1422: “der Bericht des Josephos (ant. XI 313ff.) über einen Besuch A.s in Jerusalem ist sagenhaft”. SVENSSON, N. (1926): “Réception solenelle d’Hérode Atticus”, BCH 50, p. 535. |
Funeral procession of Alexander the Great
Funeral procession of Alexander the Great
| TITLE: |
| Funeral procession of Alexander the Great |
| DATE: |
| 321 BC |
| TEXT: |
| BEKKER, I.; DINDORF, L; VOGEL, F.; FISCHER, K. T. (1905): Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books XVIII-XX. 18.26-28 MEUSEL, H.(1871): Pseudo-Callisthenes. Nach der Leidener Handschrift Herausgegeben, Hist.Alex. 3.34 |
| EDITIONS/TRANSLATIONS: |
| BEKKER, I.; DINDORF, L; VOGEL, F.; FISCHER, K. T. (1905): Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books XVIII-XX. 18.26-28 GARCÍA GUAL, C. (1977): Pseudo-Calístenes. Vida y Hazañas de Alejandro de Macedonia, Biblioteca Clásica Gredos, Madrid HAIGHT, E. H. (1955): The Life of Alexander of Macedon by Pseudo-Callisthenes, New York |
| KEYWORDS: |
| Word used to mean procession: |
| πορεία (a journey, Ps.-Callisth.) κατακομισθῆναι (escort / to bring into a place of refuge, Diod. |
| Word used to mean the cult images: |
| Sarcophagus / coffin (λάρναξ, Ps.-Callisth) Covered carriage (ἁρμάμαξα, Diod., esp. used by Persians, e.g. [“Ξέρξης] μεταβαίνεσκε ἐκ τοῦ ἅρματος ἐς ἁρμάμαξαν” Hdt.7.4) |
| Gods or other entities named: |
| Ps.-Callisth.: Alexander the Great, Mithra, Ptolemy I, Zeus, High Priest of the temple of Memphis Diod.: Arrideus, Victory (Νίκη); Ptolemy I |
| Description of the cult images: |
| Alexander’s lead coffin (ἐν μολιβδίνῃ λάρνακι, Ps.-Callisth.) was carried in a wagon (ἁμάξης, Ps.-Callisth.) / covered carriage (ἁρμάμαξα, l. 26.1; καμάρα —with an arched cover—, 26.5, Diod.), which is the main subject of Diodorus’ passage: ἄξιον ὑπάρχον τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου δόξης (…) κατὰ τὴν δαπάνην (…) καὶ τῇ κατὰ τὴν τέχνην περιττότητι περιβόητον ὑπῆρξε Golden sarcophagus (χρυσοῦν σφυρήλατον) with aromatic herbs (ἀρωμάτων); armour (ὅπλα); precious stones (λιθοκόλλητος); reliefs; garlands; bells (κώδωνας) Four golden Victories carrying trophies in the four corners of the covered carriage (κατὰ δὲ τὰς τῆς καμάρας γωνίας ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστης ἦν πλευρᾶς Νίκη χρυσῆ τροπαιοφόρος) lift over four Ionic columns (Ἰωνικὰ κιονόκρανα) surrounded by golden acanthus Four panel paintings (πίνακας): (1) war chariot (ἅρμα) lead by Alexander with a scepter and escorted by his Persian and Macedonian personal guards; (2) war elephants; (3) cavalry troops; (4) navy. At the entrance of the chamber there were two golden lions (λέοντες χρυσοῖ), and on top a purple tapestry (φοινικὶς) with a golden olive wreath (χρυσοῦν στέφανον ἐλαίας); the carriage had four gilded wheels and it was pulled by 64 mules with a golden wreath and collars adorned with gemstones. See Image |
| Procession’s route: |
| Babilonia to Memphis and/or Alexandria |
| Frequency with which the procession takes place: |
| Once, funeral procession of Alexander the Great from Babilonia to Memphis and Alexandria |
| Performers: |
| Ptolemy I (Ps.-Callisth.); Arrideus (Diod.), in charge of building the carriage and escorting it to Egypt |
| References to the public attending the procession: |
| The inhabitants of Memphis went out to receive Alexander’s corpse and brought it into the city (οἱ Μενφῖται ὑπήντησαν τῷ σώματι Ἀλεχάνδρου καὶ εἰσάγουσιν αὐτὸ ἐν Μένφῃ, Ps.Callisth.) The passing of the carriage through the cities attracted many people (πολλοὺς ἐπεσπᾶτο θεωροὺς διὰ τὴν περιβόητον δόξαν: οἱ γὰρ ἐκ τῶν πόλεων καθ᾽ ἃς αἰεὶ γίνοιτο πανδημεὶ συνήντων καὶ πάλιν προέπεμπον, οὐκ ἐμπιμπλάμενοι τῆς κατὰ τὴν θεωρίαν τέρψεως) It was escorted by road-makers, craftsmen and soldiers (πλῆθος ὁδοποιῶν καὶ τεχνιτῶν, ἔτι δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν παραπεμπόντων) |
| Rites related to the procession: |
| Reading of an oracle of Zeus (ὁ τοῦ Διὁς χρησμὁς, Ps.-Callisth.) To bury (ποιεῖ τάφον, Ps.Callisth.) Diod.: Ptolemy I before Alexander’s corpse (παραλαβὼν τὸ σῶμα τῆς μεγίστης φροντίδος ἠξίωσεν); sacrifices (θυσίαις ἡρωικαῖς) and games (ἀγῶσι μεγαλοπρεπέσι) in the burial place of Alexandria built by Ptolemy I |
| Allusions to conduct or forms of reverence: |
| Alexander’s corpse was carried embalmed with myrrh (ἐσμυρνισμένον, Ps.Callisth.) |
| Other remarkable elements: |
| The Persians wanted to proclaim publicly (ἀναγορεῦσαι, Ps.-Callisth.) Alexander as Mithra |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY: |
| BÖMMER (1952), RE, s.v. Pompa. Herrscher, Vol. XXI.2, p. 1971, n.333 COLLINS, A. W. (2012). “The royal costume and insignia of Alexander the Great”. The American Journal of Philology 133(3), pp. 371–402 DOHERTY, P. (2004): Alexander the Great: The death of a god, Headline, London CHUGG, A. M. (2020): The quest for the tomb of Alexander the Great, AMC Publications, London ERSKINE, A. (2006): Life after death: Alexandria and the body of Alexander, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge HOLTON, J. (2018): “The Reception of Alexander in the Ptolemaic Dynasty”. In: Brill’s Companion to the Reception of Alexander the Great. Brill, Leiden KHOLOD, M. M. (2016): “The cults of Alexander the Great in the Greek cities of Asia Minor”, Klio 98.2, pp. 495-525 KOTTARIDOU, A. (1999): “Macedonian burial customs and the funeral of Alexander the Great”. In: International Congress, Alexander the Great: From Macedonia to the Oikoumene, Veria, pp. 27-31 LANDUCCI, F. (2020): “Burial-funeral carriage-Lysimachos, Herakles, (alleged) son of Alexander III – Kassandros”. In: Lexicon of Argead Macedonia, Frank & Timme, Berlino, pp. 1-8 MELVILLE JONES, J. (1998). “Alexander’s funeral carriage”. In: T. W. Hillard, R. A. Kearsley, C. E. V. Nixon, & A. M. Nobbs (Eds.), The Ancient Near East, Greece and rome, Macquarie University, N.S.W. ed., Vol. 1, pp. 156-159 REAMES-ZIMMERMAN, J. (2001): “The mourning of Alexander the Great”, Syllecta Classica 12, pp. 98-145 RICE, E. E. (1997): Alexander the Great, The History Press, Stroud |