Análise do âmbito da integração da inteligência artificial e da aprendizagem automática com instrumentos estruturados para prever a reincidência juvenil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46661/respublica.13244Palavras-chave:
Inteligência artificial, aprendizagem automática, avaliação de riscos, reincidência juvenil, justiça juvenilResumo
A previsão do risco de reincidência na justiça juvenil tem-se baseado tradicionalmente em instrumentos estruturados, enquanto a incorporação de modelos de IA/ML tem sido proposta como uma forma de melhorar o seu desempenho. No entanto, o valor acrescentado real destes modelos, a sua integração com ferramentas estruturadas e as suas implicações para a prática continuam a ser objeto de debate. A presente revisão de alcance sintetiza a evidência empírica disponível sobre a aplicação de IA/ML na população juvenil quando existe uma ligação com instrumentos estruturados de avaliação de risco. Foram incluídos cinco estudos que cumpriam estes critérios. Em conjunto, os resultados mostram um padrão consistente de discriminação moderada e melhorias geralmente marginais ao aumentar a complexidade dos modelos, o que sugere a existência de um certo limite empírico na capacidade preditiva neste domínio. As melhorias são mais prováveis quando o comparador é estritamente linear ou quando se contrasta com o julgamento não estruturado, o que aponta para que o valor acrescentado da IA/ML pode consistir em modelar as interações entre variáveis, em vez de um aumento substancial da precisão. No entanto, o desempenho agregado pode ocultar diferenças relevantes entre subgrupos, incluindo as disparidades associadas a variáveis sociodemográficas, o que tem implicações em termos de equidade e legitimidade institucional. A isto acrescentam-se os desafios decorrentes da sua implementação, incluindo a rastreabilidade dos modelos, a interação entre profissionais e sistemas automatizados e a necessidade de quadros normativos que garantam a supervisão e a revisão.
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Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 Aarón Argudo Palacios, Amal Mechraoui

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