Masculinidad hegemónica. Repensando el concepto
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46661/relies.6364Palabras clave:
masculinidad, hegemonía, género, poder, agencia, encarnación, globalizaciónResumen
El concepto de masculinidad hegemónica ha influenciado los estudios de género en varios campos académicos, pero también ha generado serias críticas. Les autores rastrean el origen del concepto en una convergencia de ideas de principios de la década de 1980, y mapean su aplicación cuando se expandió la investigación sobre hombres y masculinidades. Al evaluar las principales críticas, les autores defienden el concepto subyacente de masculinidad, que en la mayoría de las investigaciones no se utiliza de forma reificante ni esencialista. Sin embargo, las críticas sobre los modelos de rasgos de género y las tipologías rígidas han tenido mucho eco. El abordaje del tema en la investigación sobre masculinidad hegemónica puede ser mejorado con la ayuda de recientes modelos psicológicos, aunque deben reconocerse límites a la flexibilidad discursiva. El concepto de masculinidad hegemónica no equivale a un modelo de reproducción social; se debe reconocer los conflictos sociales en los que las masculinidades subordinadas influencian a las formas dominantes. Finalmente, les autores revisan lo que ha sido confirmado desde las primeras formulaciones (la idea de múltiples masculinidades, el concepto de hegemonía, y el énfasis en el cambio) y lo que debe ser descartado (el tratamiento unidimensional de la jerarquía y el modelo de rasgos de género). Les autores sugieren reformular el concepto en cuatro dimensiones: complejizar el modelo de jerarquía de género, enfatizando la agencia de las mujeres; reconocer explícitamente la geografía de las masculinidades, enfatizando la interrelación entre los niveles locales, regionales y globales; un tratamiento más específico de la encarnación en contextos de privilegio y poder; y un mayor énfasis en las dinámicas de la masculinidad hegemónica, reconociendo las contradicciones internas y los posibles avances hacia la democracia de género.
Descargas
Citas
Altman, D. 1972. Homosexual: Oppression and liberation. Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson.
Archer, L. 2001. Muslim brothers, Black lads, traditional Asians: British Muslim young men's constructions of race, religion and masculinity. Feminism & Psychology 11 (1): 79-105.
Baca Zinn, M. 1982. Chicano men and masculinity. Journal of Ethnic Studies 10 (2): 29-44.
Barrett, F. J. 1996. The organizational construction of hegemonic masculinity: The case of the U.S. Navy. Gender, Work and Organization 3 (3): 129-42.
Belton, R. J. 1995. The beribboned bomb: The image of woman in male surrealist art. Calgary, Canada: University of Calgary Press.
Berg, L. D. 1994. Masculinity, place and a binary discourse of "theory" and "empirical investigation" in the human geography of Aotearoa/New Zealand. Gender, Place and Culture 1 (2): 245-60.
Bird, S. R. 1996. Welcome to the men's club: Homosociality and the maintenance of hegemonic masculinity. Gender & Society 10 (2): 120-32.
Bourdieu, P. 2001. Masculine domination. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Brannon, R. 1976. The male sex role: Our culture's blueprint of manhood, and what it's done for us lately en D. S. David y R.
Brannon (eds.) The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role. Reading, MA: Addington-Wesley.
Brod, H. 1987. The making of masculinities: The new men's studies. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
---. 1994. Some thoughts on some histories of some masculinities: Jews and other others en D. S. David y R. Brannon (eds.) Theorizing masculinities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Broker, M. 1976. "I may be a queer, but at least I am a man": Male hegemony and ascribed versus achieved gender en D. Leonard Barker y S. Allen (eds.) Sexual divisions and society. London: Tavistock.
Brown, D. 1999. Complicity and reproduction in teaching physical education. Sport, Education and Society 4 (2): 143-59.
Bufkin, J. L. 1999. Bias crime as gendered behavior. Social Justice 26 (1): 155-76.
Burgess, I., A. Edwards, and J. Skinner. 2003. Football culture in an Australian school setting: The construction of masculine identity. Sport, Education and Society 8 (2): 199-212.
Campbell, H. 2000. The glass phallus: Pub(lic) masculinity and drinking in rural New Zealand. Rural Sociology 65 (4): 562-81.
Carrigan, T., R. W. Connell, y Lee, J. 1985. Toward a new sociology of masculinity. Theory and Society 14 (5): 551-604.
Cavender, G. 1999. Detecting masculinity en J. Ferrell y N. Websdale (eds.) Making trouble: Cultural constructions of crime, deviance and control. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Cheng, C. 1996. "We choose not to compete": The "merit" discourse in the selection process, and Asian and Asian American men and their masculinity en C. Cheng (ed.) Masculinities in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cockburn, C. 1983. Brothers: Male dominance and technological change. London: Pluto.
---. 1991. In the way of men: Men 's resistance to sex equality in organizations. London: Macmillan.
Collier, R. 1998. Masculinities, crime and criminology: Men, heterosexuality and the criminal(ised) other. London: Sage.
Collinson, D. y J. Hearn. 1994. Naming men as men: Implications for work, organization and management. Gender, Work and Organization 1 (1): 2-22.
Collinson, D., D. Knights y M. Collinson. 1990. Managing to discriminate. London: Routledge.
Connell, R. W. 1977. Ruling class, ruling culture. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
---. 1982. Class, patriarchy, and Sartre's theory of practice. Theory and Society 11:305-20.
---. 1983. Which way is up? Essays on sex, class and culture. Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
---. 1987. Gender and power. Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
---. 1990. An iron man: The body and some contradictions of hegemonic masculinity en M. Messner and D. Sabo (eds.) Sport, men and the gender order. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.
---. 1995. Masculinities. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
---. 1998. Masculinities and globalization. Men and Masculinities 1 (1): 3-23.
---. 2002. Gender. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
---. 2003. Masculinities, change and conflict in global society: Thinking about the future of men's studies. Journal of Men's Studies 11 (3): 249-66.
---. 2005. Globalization, imperialism, and masculinities en M. S. Kimmel, J. Hearn y R. W. Connell (eds.) Handbook of studies on men & masculinities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Connell, R. W., D. J. Ashenden, S. Kessler, y G. W. Dowsett. 1982. Making the difference: Schools, families and social division. Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
Connell, R. W. y J. Wood. 2005. Globalization and business masculinities. Men and Masculinities 1 (4): 347-64.
Consalvo, M. 2003. The monsters next door: Media constructions of boys and masculinity. Feminist Media Studies 3(1): 27-46.
Dasgupta, R. 2000. Performing masculinities? The "salaryman" at work and play. Japanese Studies 20 (2): 189-200.
Davis, A. 1983. Women, race, and class. New York: Vintage.
Demetriou, D. Z. 2001. Connell's concept of hegemonic masculinity: A critique. Theory and Society 30 (3): 337-61.
Denborough, D. 1996. Step by step: Developing respectful and effective ways of working with young men to reduce violence en C. McLean, M. Carey y C. White (eds.) Men's ways of being. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Dinges, M., E. Ründal y D. Bauer. 2004. Programm. Program for the Hegemoniale Männlichkeiten conference, Stuttgart, Germany, 24-26 June.
Donaldson, M. 1991. Time of our lives: Labor and love in the working class. Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
---. 1993. What is hegemonic masculinity? Theory and Society 22:643-57.
Donaldson, M. y S. Poynting. 2004. The time of their lives: Time, work and leisure in the daily lives of ruling-class men en N. Hollier (ed.) Ruling Australia: The power, privilege & politics of the new ruling class. Melbourne: Australian Scholarly.
Eisenstein, Z. R. 1979. Capitalist patriarchy and the case for socialist feminism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Ferguson, H. 2001. Men and masculinities in late-modern Ireland en B. Pease y K. Pringle (eds.) A man's world? Changing men's practices in a globalized world. London: Zed Books.
Freud, Sigmund. [1917] 1955. From the history of an infantile neurosis. Complete psychological works. Standard ed., Vol. 17. London: Hogarth.
Friedman, R. M. y L. Lerner. 1986. Toward a new psychology of men: Psychoanalytic and social perspectives. Special issue, Psychoanalytic Review 73 (4).
Gerschick, T. J. y A. S. Miller. 1994. Gender identities at the crossroads of masculinity and physical disability. Masculinities 2(1): 34-55.
Goode, W. 1982. Why men resist en B. Thorne y M. Yalom (eds.) Rethinking the family: Some feminist questions. New York: Longman.
Gutmann, M. C. 1996. The meanings of macho: Being a man in Mexico City. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hacker, H. M. 1957. The new burdens of masculinity. Marriage and Family Living 19 (3): 227-33.
Halberstam, J. 1998. Female masculinity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Hanke, R. 1992. Redesigning men: Hegemonic masculinity in transition en S. Craig (ed.) Men, masculinity, and the media. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Hawkesworth, M. 1997. Confounding gender. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 22 (3): 649-85.
Hearn, J. 1996. Is masculinity dead? A critique of the concept of masculinity/masculinities en M. Mac an Ghaill (ed.) Understanding masculinities: Social relations and cultural arenas. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
---. 2004. From hegemonic masculinity to the hegemony of men. Feminist Theory 5(1): 49-72.
Herdt, G. H. 1981. Guardians of the flutes: Idioms of masculinity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Higate, P. R. 2003. Military masculinities: Identity and the state. London: Praeger.
Hochschild, A. 1989. The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking.
Holter, O. G. 1997. Gender, patriarchy and capitalism: A social forms analysis. Oslo, Norway: University of Oslo.
---. 2003. Can men do it? Men and gender equality? The Nordic experience. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers.
hooks, b. 1984. Feminist theory: From margin to center. Boston: South End.
Hooper, C. 1998. Masculinist practices and gender politics: The operation of multiple masculinities in international relations en M. Zalewski y J. Parpart (eds.) The "man " question in international relations. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Masculinities in transition: The case of globalization en M. H. Marchand y A. S. Runyan (eds.) Gender and global restructuring. London: Routledge.
---. 2001. Manly states: Masculinities, international relations, and gender politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hunt, P. 1980. Gender and class consciousness. London: Macmillan.
Ishii-Kuntz, M. 2003. Balancing fatherhood and work: Emergence of diverse masculinities in contemporary Japan en J. E. Roberson y N. Suzuki (eds.) Men and masculinities in contemporary Japan. London: Routledge Curzon.
Jansen, S. C. y D. Sabo. 1994. The sport-war metaphor: Hegemonic masculinity, the Persian-Gulf war, and the new world order. Sociology of Sport Journal 11 (1): 1-17.
Jefferson, T. 1994. Theorizing masculine subjectivity en T. Newburn y E. A. Stanko (eds.) Just boys doing business? Men, masculinities and crime. London: Routledge.
---. 2002. Subordinating hegemonic masculinity. Theoretical Criminology 6(1): 63-88.
Kessler, S. J., D. J. Ashenden, R. W. Connell, y G. W. Dowsett. 1982. Ockers and disco-maniacs. Sydney, Australia: Inner City Education Center.
Kimmel, M. S. 1987. Rethinking "masculinity": New directions in research en M. S. Kimmel (ed.) Changing men: New directions in research on men and masculinity. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
---. 2005. Globalization and its mal(e)contents: The gendered moral and political economy of terrorism en M. S. Kimmel, J. Hearn, and R. W. Connell (eds.) Handbook of studies on men & masculinities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kimmel, M. S. y M. Mahler. 2003. Adolescent masculinity, homophobia, and violence: Random school shootings, 1982-2001. American Behavioral Scientist 46 (10): 1439-58.
Kupers, T. A. 1993. Revisioning men's lives: Gender, intimacy, and power. New York: Guilford.
Lea, S., y T. Auburn. 2001. The social construction of rape in the talk of a convicted rapist. Feminism & Psychology 11 (1): 11-33.
Light, R., y D. Kirk. 2000. High school rugby, the body and the reproduction of hegemonic masculinity. Sport, Education and Society 5 (2): 163-76.
Mac an Ghaill, M. 1994. The making of men: Masculinities, sexualities and schooling. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Maclnnes, J. 1998. The end of masculinity: The confusion of sexual genesis and sexual difference in modern society. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Martin, P. Y. 1998. Why can't a man be more like a woman? Reflections on Connell's masculinities. Gender & Society 12 (4): 472-74.
---. 2001. "Mobilizing masculinities": Women's experiences of men at work. Organizations 8 (4): 587-618.
Martino, W. 1995. Boys and literacy: Exploring the construction of hegemonic masculinities and the formation of literate capacities for boys in the English classroom. English in Australia 112:11 -24.
McMahon, A. 1993. Male readings of feminist theory: The psychologization of sexual politics in the masculinity literature. Theory and Society 22 (5): 675-95.
Messerschmidt, J. W. 1993. Masculinities and crime: Critique and reconceptualization of theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
---. 1995. Managing to kill: Masculinities and the space shuttle Challenger explosion. Masculinities 3(4): 1-22.
---. 1997. Crime as structured action: Gender, race, class and crime in the making. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
---. 2000. Nine lives: Adolescent masculinities, the body, and violence. Boulder, CO: Westview.
---. 2004. Flesh & blood: Adolescent gender diversity and violence. Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield.
---. 2005. Men, masculinities, and crime en M. S. Kimmel, J. Hearn, and R. W Connell (eds.) Handbook of studies on men & masculinities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Messner, M. A. 1992. Power at play: Sports and the problem of masculinity. Boston: Beacon.
---. 1997. Politics of masculinities: Men in movements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
---. 2002. Taking the field: Women, men, and sport. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Messner, M. A. y D. Sabo (eds). 1990. Sport, men, and the gender order: Critical feminist perspectives. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.
Meuser, M. 2001. "This doesn't really mean she's holding a whip": Transformation of the gender order and the contradictory modernization of masculinity. Diskurs 1:44-50.
---. 2003. Modernized masculinities? Continuities, challenges and changes in men's lives en S. Ervo and T. Johannson (eds.) Among men: Moulding masculinities. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
Meuser, M., y C. Behnke. 1998. Tausendundeine Männlichkeit? Männlichkeitsmuster und socialstrukturelle Einbindungen. Widersprüche 67:7-25.
Mieli, M. 1980. Homosexuality and liberation: Elements of a gay critique, translated by D. Fernbach. London: Gay Men's Press.
Mittelman, J. H. 2004. Whither globalization? The vortex of knowledge and ideology. London: Routledge.
Morin, S. E. y E. M. Garfinkle. 1978. Male homophobia. Journal of Social Issues 34 (1): 29-47.
Morrell, R. 1998. Of boys and men: Masculinity and gender in southern African studies. Journal of Southern African Studies 24 (4): 605-30.
Morrell, R. y S. Swart. 2005. Men in the Third World: Postcolonial perspectives on masculinity en M. S. Kimmel, J. Hearn, and R. W. Connell (eds.) Handbook of studies on men & masculinities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morris, C. y N. Evans. 2001. "Cheese makers are always women": Gendered representations of farm life in the agricultural press. Gender, Place and Culture 8 (4): 375-90.
Mosher, D. L., y S. S. Tomkins. 1988. Scripting the macho man: Hypermasculine socialization and enculturation. Journal of Sex Research 25 (1): 60-84.
Namaste, V. K. 2000. Invisible lives: The erasure of transsexual and transgendered people. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Newburn, T. y E. A. Stanko. 1994. Just boys doing business? Men, masculinities, and crime. New York: Routledge.
Pease, B. y K. Pringle (eds). 2001. A man's world? Changing men's practices in a globalized world. London: Zed Books.
Petersen, A. 1998. Unmasking the masculine: "Men " and "identity " in a sceptical age. London: Sage.
---. 2003. Research on men and masculinities: Some implications of recent theory for future work. Men and Masculinities 6 (1): 54-69.
Pleck, J. 1981. The myth of masculinity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Plummer, K. (ed.). 1981. The making of the modern homosexual. London: Macmillan.
Poynting, S., G. Noble y P. Tabar. 2003. "Intersections" of masculinity and ethnicity: A study of male Lebanese immigrant youth in Western Sydney. Unpublished manuscript, University of Western Sydney.
Roberts, P. 1993. Social control and the censure(s) of sex. Crime, Law and Social Change 19(2): 171-86.
Roper, M. 1994. Masculinity and the British organization man since 1945. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Rubin, H. 2003. Self-made men: Identity and embodiment among transsexual men. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
Sabo, D. y D. F. Gordon (eds.). 1995. Men's health and illness: Gender, power and the body. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sabo, D. y S.C. Jansen. 1992. Images of men in sport media: The social reproduction of gender order en S. Craig (ed.) Men, masculinity, and the media. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Salisbury, J. y D. Jackson. 1996. Challenging macho values: Practical ways of working with adolescent boys. Washington, DC: Falmer.
Schwalbe, M. 1992. Male supremacy and the narrowing of the moral self. Berkeley Journal of Sociology 37:29-54.
Scott, J. W. 1997. Comment on Hawkesworth's "confounding gender." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 22 (3): 697-702.
Segal, L. 1990. Slow motion: Changing masculinities, changing men. London: Virago.
Skelton, A. 1993. On becoming a male physical education teacher: The informal culture of students and the construction of hegemonic masculinity. Gender and Education 5 (3): 289-303.
Snodgrass, J. (ed.). 1977. For men against sexism: A book of readings. Albion, CA: Times Change Press.
Stoller, R. J. 1968. Sex and gender: On the development of masculinity and femininity. New York: Science House.
Taga, F. 2003. Rethinking male socialization: Life histories of Japanese male youth en K. Louie y M. Low (eds.) Asian masculinities. London: Routledge Curzon.
Thorne, B. 1993. Gender play. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Thornton, M. 1989. Hegemonic masculinity and the academy. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 17:115-30.
Toison, A. 1977. The limits of masculinity. London: Tavistock.
Tomsen, S. 2002. Hatred, murder and male honour: Anti-homosexual homicides in New South Wales,1980-2000. Vol. 43. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
Valdés, T. y J. Olavarría. 1998. Ser hombre en Santiago de Chile: A pesar de todo, un mismo modelo en T. Valdés y J. Olavarría (eds.) Masculinidades y equidad de género en América Latina. Santiago, Chile: FLACSO/UNFPA.
Wajcman, J. 1999. Managing like a man: Women and men in corporate management. Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
Walby, S. 1997. Gender transformations. London: Routledge.
Warren, S. 1997. Who do these boys think they are? An investigation into the construction of masculinities in a primary classroom. International Journal of Inclusive Education 1 (2): 207-22.
Wetherell, M. y N. Edley. 1999. Negotiating hegemonic masculinity: Imaginary positions and psycho-discursive practices. Feminism and Psychology 9 (3): 335-56.
Whitehead, S.M.I 998. Hegemonic masculinity revisited. Gender, Work, and Organization 6(1): 58-62.
---. 2002. Men and masculinities: Key themes and new directions. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Willis, P. 1977. Learning to labor: How working class kids get working class jobs. Farnborough, UK: Saxon House.
Zaretsky, E. 1975. Male supremacy and the unconscious. Socialist Revolution 4:7-55
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2021 R.W, Connell, James W. Messerschmidt; Matías de Stéfano Barbero, Santiago Morcillo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.